Nanoparticles (NPs) are miniature materials ranging from 1 to 100 nm. The NPs have unique chemical and physical properties due to their shape, size and high surface area. This research paper gives a detailed summary of the synthesis, characterization and applications of undoped and (Ag, Fe) co-doped CuO NPs with a diverse concentration of Fe (0.02, 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08 M) at a constant concentration of Ag (0.02 M). X-ray diffractometer (XRD) results revealed average crystallite size of NPs varies in the range 13.10-24.98 nm. Scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) showed that the morphology of pure synthesized CuO NPs and Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) recognized the presence of Ag, Fe elements in the CuO lattice. The particle size obtained by transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM) images was found in the range 19.73-21.47 nm. Cu-O bond stretching of NPs was also confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) techniques. The values of direct and indirect band gap for CuO were found to be 1.41-1.54 eV and 0.69-1.51 eV respectively.  Antibacterial activity for synthesized NPs tested against gram-negative and gram-positive pathogenic bacteria. The photocatalytic properties of synthesized NPs were investigated by monitoring the methyl orange/methylene blue degradation in ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis).

Nanotechnology started a new era in research and continuous escalations due to its potential applications. In modern optoelectronics, Pb additive nano-chalcogenides are becoming promising materials. For a memory and switching material, the thermal stability and glass-forming ability are vital, and the glass should be thermally stable from a technological point of view. This research article investigates the thermal behaviour of bulk (Se80Te20)94-xGe6Pbx (x = 0, 2, 4 and 6) samples synthesized using the melt quench procedure non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry at four heating rates from 5 to 20°Cmin^-1. Further, the overall crystallization study, which includes thermal stability, ease of glass formation, fragility, glass relaxation and glass-crystallization transformation kinetics of investigated alloys using different empirical formalisms, is reported and discussed. Compositional and heating rate dependence of recorded characteristic temperatures and other deduced parameters of reheated alloys are also discussed. The correlation between deduced parameters is also established to define the utility of these materials in practical applications.

In this work, we incorporate titanium dioxide (TiO₂) particles as fillers into room temperature vulcanized silicone rubber (RTV-SR) and fabricated the RTV-SR/TiO₂ composites. Herein, the effect of various surface areas of TiO₂ particles on the mechanical properties of RTV-SR/TiO₂ composites was investigated. The particle size of different types of TiO₂ particles (147 nm, 34 nm, and 29 nm) was measured by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), whereas the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area was measured through adsorption-desorption isotherms as 3, 50, and 145 m²/g, respectively. TiO₂ particles reinforced RTV-SR composites were prepared by solution mixing method. TiO₂ particles with smaller particle sizes and high BET surface area exhibited higher mechanical properties. The compressive moduli were obtained as 2.2 MPa for a virgin sample and increased to 2.6 MPa, 2.8 MPa and 3.24 MPa for 3, 50, and 145 m²/g samples respectively at 6 phr filler loading. Similarly, the fracture strain of the composite was 117% for a virgin sample and changed to 94%, 130%, and 205% for 3, 50, and 145 m²/g samples, respectively, at 8 phr filler loading. The surface area and particle size of the fillers showed significant effect on mechanical properties of the composites, but no significant effect was observed on the energy harvesting values of RTV-SR/TiO₂ composites.

In this study, a series TiO₂-doped–polydimethylsiloxane composite (PDMS-TiO₂) were synthesized at constant amount of PDMS and different amount of TiO₂ particles.  For this purpose, TiO₂ structures were synthesized by the hydrothermal method. Morphology and chemical structure of the obtained TiO₂ particles were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy techniques. Prepared particles were directly dispersed in PDMS wax with melted. The obtained composite structures were examined structurally by SEM, FTIR, and XRD spectroscopy techniques. The intense peaks at 13° and 16.5° visible in the XRD spectrum confirm the desired composite structure. For the pure PDMS structure, 0,523 and 1,740 KeV was observed for O₂ and Si in the EDX spectrum. Peaks at 0.452 (K_a) and 4.510 KeV (K_β) were observed for the composite structures. Then, the thermal properties of the composite structures obtained were investigated by DSC analysis. The study of the specific heat capacity of obtained products is attained by using a DSC. Depending on the amount of doped TiO₂ particles, the specific heat capacity value increased significantly in PDMS-TiO₂ composite structures. Specific heat capacity study' of TiO₂- polydimethylsiloxane composites is original and opened a new area about PDMS.

Recently, therapeutic applications of modified magnetic nanoparticles have attracted the attention of many researchers. The reason is the ability to develop nano drugs as cancer treatment agents. For this purpose, these particles must have a tiny size, intrinsic magnetic properties, imaging effectiveness, the ability to target the drug, and high drug absorption. Although studies have been performed on the anti-cancer properties of curcumin/nanoparticles, no comprehensive research has been performed to evaluate its anti-cancer and the normal cell toxicity of this drug system for breast cancer treatment. This study designed a curcumin-loaded MNPs (MNPs@CUR) formulation to accomplish these unique features. Using the diffusion process, chemical precipitation was used to make MNPs, which were then loaded with curcumin (CUR). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to study the morphology and size of MNP-CUR. The fabricated MNPs had spherical shapes with an average length of 23.22 nm. The presence of curcumin on the surface of MNPs was approved using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) diffractogram confirmed the face cubic center (fcc) character of MNPs.  After 24 hours of incubation with 4t1 breast cancer cells, MNPs@CUR anticancer effects were evaluated. MNPs@CUR displayed a concentration-dependent preference for applying anticancer effects on 4t1cells (IC₅₀=108 µg/ml).  Separated in vivo anti-tumor studies of coated/naked nanoparticles and curcumin also demonstrated that MNPs@CUR eliminated tumor mass. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity against normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were also measured by 2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) electrophoresis DNA digestion methods respectively for MNPs@CUR and naked MNPs. Cytotoxicity was demonstrated at high concentrations of MNP@CUR (991 µg/ml), while naked nanoparticles showed approximately no toxicity and neither had genotoxicity.

With the exponential rise in infections by CoV-2 and the scarcity of antiviral therapeutics, the development of an effective vaccine for the SARS CoV-2 is critical. The emerging pandemic has prompted the international science community to seek answers in therapeutic agents, including vaccines, to battle the SARS CoV-2. The various scientific literature on SARS CoV, to a lesser degree, MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome), has mentored vaccine techniques for the unique Coronavirus. This disease, COVID-19, is triggered by SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 that needs vaccine protection. Vaccines producing significant amounts of virus-neutralizing antibodies with high affinity may be the only way to combat infection while avoiding negative consequences. There is a summary of numerous vaccine contenders in the review, including nucleotide, vector-based vaccines, & subunit, and attenuated & killed types. That has previously shown preventive effects against the MERS-CoV & SARS-CoV, while suggesting that these candidates may yield a safe and efficient vaccine for SARS-CoV-2. Vector-based vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, genetic vaccines, and protein subunit types for passive immunization are among the vaccination platforms currently being evaluated for the CoV-2 virus; each has its own set of benefits and drawbacks. The clinical safety and effectiveness evidence is the main challenging research task for this possible vaccine developed in the lab. The most challenging aspect of production is constructing and validating distribution platforms worthy of mass-producing the vaccine on a larger scale. Since target vaccine groups include high-risk people above the age of 60, including severe co-morbid diseases, the healthcare staff, and those engaged in vital industries, an effective COVID-19 vaccine would need a careful confirmation of effectiveness and detrimental reactivity. The study summarises efforts devoted to developing an efficient vaccine for the new Coronavirus that devastated the global economy, people's health, and even their lives.

The economic development of any nation leads to the depletion of its natural resources, and water is one of them. Water pollution caused by various industries like food, leather, and textile etc. causes severe impacts on the environment and humans. To ensure water availability to the whole world, contaminated water released from industries, mainly fabric, must be treated and reused. The conventional techniques alone are not enough to treat textile effluent completely. This is why nanotechnology should be combined with these traditional techniques. Nanotechnology includes engineered nanoparticles for the alteration and detoxification of contaminants. Compared to nanoparticles produced from conventional techniques, biogenic nanoparticles are environmentally friendly and cost-efficient. Microbes such as Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Hypocrealixii, Bacillus species, Pseudomonas aeuginosa etc., are used to fabricate nanoparticles. Among various microbes, bacteria are considered a bio-factory for the fabrication of nanoparticles. Different researchers reported an average dye removal efficiency of biogenic nanoparticles between 87% and 92%. When nanoparticles are applied to actual textile waste water rather than synthetic dye, waste water gives good results through the adsorption process. In this review, various methods for dye degradation are explained, but the focus is on the biological treatment of textile waste water in combination with nanotechnology.

In the present study, the silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) were fabricated using pakhoi (p), a traditional alcoholic beverage popularly used in the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand that has been known to possess significant antimicrobial activity properties. Different physicochemical techniques were used to characterize p-Ag NPs. The results confirm the synthesis of crystalline p-Ag NPs having a nearly spherical shape with a net positive charge. Further, p-Ag NPs exhibit strong antibacterial activity against Gram -ve bacteria. Moreover, a detailed study will be beneficial to understanding and exploiting the biomedical application and environmental remediation activity of the p-Ag NPs.