Increased problems associated with side effects and microbial resistance of chemical drugs have promoted the research focus of herbs and herbs-based medicines as renewed interest. The present study studied the antifungal potential of Hypericum scabrum (H. scabrum), Salvia multicaulis (S. multicaulis) plants and their derived sustainable NCs against dermayophyton species. These plants were used as free-toxic solvent media and phytogradiant reductants to fabricate nanoformulations as alternative antimycotic drugs. Analysis of antifungal activity showed a noticeable inhibition of the trychophyton mycelial growth when cultured on SDA mixed with different doses of the plant extract, particularly 50% H. scabrum that stopped mycelial growth of  T. mentagrophytes  and T. verrcuosum thoroughly after 10-day incubation by of 100 % MGI, followed by Ag@Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ with particle size around 20 to 60 nm,  that record ( 67.64 and 63,.33 % of MGI) by 50 µg ml⁻¹ application respectively. The lowest effect of  H. scabrum and Ag@Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ at high concentrations was against T. simii (44.44 % and 16 % MGI). The maximum antifungal activity of 50 % Salvia multicaulis and 50 µg ml⁻¹ CuO@SiO₂ NC with an average diameter of 60 nm was found against T. mentagrophytes and T. verrcuosum with (66.66 and 51.47 % MGI), respectively, while the minimum activity was found against T. quinckeanum and T. simii (33.33 and 13.33 % MGI), respectively. Thus, these plant extracts and NCs could be used to develop a new medication for dermatophytosis. 

The need for photodynamic therapy is increasing with the rise of skin cancer melanoma detection. However, low penetration depth of light in the UV range and higher scattering of skin tissues cause harsh clinical practices and reduced irradiance for the activation of chemicals such as photosensitizers to facilitate cell necrosis of malignant tumors. In this paper, a tunable microlens integrated on a microneedle array is designed for variable focusing to reduce melanomas at multiple sites with an improved intensity for reactive oxygen species production. A light distribution of 36% percent of the input intensity is achieved at the targeted distance of 4.35 mm for blue light. Red light attained a light distribution of 13% of the input intensity at a targeted distance of 6.5 mm. Designing such a light, delivery-based in-vivo biomedical device is of extreme importance for photodynamic therapy of skin cancer on and beyond the epidermal tissue layer.

The cell-free culture filtrate (CF) of Aspergillus flavus GGRK1 could mediate the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using silver nitrate. Extracellular extract of Aspergillus flavus GGRK1 was a significant reductant for the reduction of silver nanoparticles due to presence of metabolites or other bioactive compounds. After the reduction of Ag (I) ions to Ag by the fungal CF, a dark brown color was obtained which indicated the biosynthesis of AgNPs. The maximum AgNPs were synthesized at the CCD-optimized condition of AgNO₃ conc. of 4.189 mM, CFC 0.905 mL, and reaction time 8.17 h. The biosynthesized AgNPs had a zeta size of 119.4 nm diameter. The FTIR study revealed the significant efficacy of functional groups associated with the biosynthesized AgNPs. Additionally, the XRD study revealed a crystalline nature of biosynthesized AgNPs along very good correlation with FCC lattice. The biosynthesized nanoparticles showed significant antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. As a result, the maximum ZOI was obtained at 150 µl/ml against all the tested organisms such as B. subtilis MTCC 121, S. aureus MTCC 96, E coli MTCC 443 and P. aeruginosa MTCC 424 with 18 mm, 20 mm, 14 mm, and 18 mm, respectively.

This review article is concerned with the environmentally benign manufacturing of nanoparticles using microorganisms, particularly fungi. To create nanoparticles, scientists and researchers have Used a variety of physical and chemical processes and procedures. However, these types of nanoparticles are not environmentally friendly and frequently allow for the release of hazardous substances, which could have a negative impact on both humans and the environment. As a result, it is crucial to develop affordable and eco-friendly nanoparticle synthesis techniques and adopt green syntheses by utilizing natural microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, algae, etc.  Fungi are the main focus for shaping these materials into nanoparticles since they can help cut processing time and manufacture nanoparticles in the proper size and form. They are the favored biological materials as the synthesized nanoparticles are non-toxic, thus energy efficiency is improved along with reduced environmental pollution. This is also the main justification for using fungal microorganisms in the synthesis of nanoparticles to produce ideal and non-toxic materials, which can assist in lessening the effects on the environment, improving energy efficiency, and reducing environmental pollution. The biological mechanism by which fungi synthesize iron nanoparticles, the development of diverse forms of iron nanoparticles by fungi, and the use of novel nanoparticles in the currently emerging industry are the main focus of this review.