The catalytic liquid-phase Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime to ε-caprolactam has been effectively achieved using ZSM-5 nanoparticles as catalysts. Comprehensive characterization of the catalysts was performed by utilizing techniques such as DLS, XRD, FT-IR, N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherms and NMR analysis. A systematic investigation of key reaction parameters, including the concentration of cyclohexanone oxime, catalyst loading, reaction temperature, and catalyst reusability, was conducted to optimize the catalytic process. The results demonstrate that the ZSM-5 nanoparticles aged at 80°C for 24 h and calcined at 550°C for 5 h (denoted as ZSM-5(50)-24/c) exhibited superior catalytic performance, achieving the highest conversion of cyclohexanone oxime and exceptional selectivity for ε-caprolactam under optimized conditions. The optimum reaction conditions are 0.10 g of ZSM-5(50)-24/c catalyst, cyclohexanone oxime concentration of 100 mmol and the reaction temperature of 120°C. This catalytic system offers notable advantages, including environmental sustainability, straightforward separation, and efficient catalyst recovery and recyclability. These features make it a promising approach for industrial applications in ε-caprolactam production, aligning with the green chemistry principle.

The incorporation of metal oxide nanoparticles into magnesium oxide (MgO) powder enhances its supercapacitor performance. This study investigates the influence of cooper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) incorporated into magnesium oxide (MgO) powder on the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors.  Magnesium oxide (MgO), Copper Oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs), and their composite (MgO/CuO) were synthesized and evaluated under both three- and two-electrode configurations. Structural, morphological, and electrochemical characterizations were performed to assess the effect of CuO addition. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the successful integration of CuO into the MgO matrix, accompanied by notable changes in crystallinity and particle morphology. Electrochemical performance was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The MgO/CuO composite demonstrated a markedly enhanced specific capacitance of 444.4 F/g at 2 A/g in a three-electrode system, significantly higher than individual MgO and CuO. The composite retained 96.8% capacitance after 5000 GCD cycles, showing excellent cyclic stability. EIS results revealed low series resistance, fast ion diffusion, and improved charge-transfer kinetics.  The enhanced performance is attributed to the synergistic interaction between MgO and CuO, which improves surface activity, electron transport, and structural stability, thereby establishing MgO/CuO as a promising, cost-effective, and environmentally benign electrode material for next-generation high-performance supercapacitors.

Passive solar-thermal systems depend on efficient heat transfer to keep absorber temperatures low. Nanofluid working media and microstructured copper interfaces can intensify boiling and rewetting using passive modifications. Integrated, stability-screened comparisons that combine nanofluids with fabricated microstructures under unified boundary conditions remain limited. This study quantifies the coupled influence of nanofluid formulation and copper surface topology on passive phase-change devices. Graphene, CuO, Al₂O₃, and TiO₂ nanofluids (0.05–0.30 wt%) were prepared and characterized for dispersion size, zeta potential, UV–Vis retention, viscosity, and thermal conductivity, and were tested in circular and flat-plate wicked heat pipes and a wickless thermosyphon with plain, hemispherical, and micropillar evaporators from 20–100 W at 0°–90° with triplicate repeats (k=2). Micropillar evaporators exhibit low resistance; the maximum reduction was 48% compared with plain copper, indicating enhanced capillary replenishment and wetted area. Graphene provides the strongest fluid effect; at 100 W on micropillars in the circular device, the thermal resistance fell from 0.210 to 0.168 °C/W, supporting coupled conductivity and interfacial conditioning. These quantified gains support absorber-interface redesign for higher energy efficiency and reduced orientation sensitivity. Future work targets long-cycle durability, fouling, and outdoor exposure of nanomaterial suspensions.

This review article is concerned with the environmentally benign manufacturing of nanoparticles using microorganisms, particularly fungi. To create nanoparticles, scientists and researchers have Used a variety of physical and chemical processes and procedures. However, these types of nanoparticles are not environmentally friendly and frequently allow for the release of hazardous substances, which could have a negative impact on both humans and the environment. As a result, it is crucial to develop affordable and eco-friendly nanoparticle synthesis techniques and adopt green syntheses by utilizing natural microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, algae, etc.  Fungi are the main focus for shaping these materials into nanoparticles since they can help cut processing time and manufacture nanoparticles in the proper size and form. They are the favored biological materials as the synthesized nanoparticles are non-toxic, thus energy efficiency is improved along with reduced environmental pollution. This is also the main justification for using fungal microorganisms in the synthesis of nanoparticles to produce ideal and non-toxic materials, which can assist in lessening the effects on the environment, improving energy efficiency, and reducing environmental pollution. The biological mechanism by which fungi synthesize iron nanoparticles, the development of diverse forms of iron nanoparticles by fungi, and the use of novel nanoparticles in the currently emerging industry are the main focus of this review.

The poor solubility of several active pharmaceutical ingredients is a major challenge that compromises bioavailability and pharmacological responses. Nanosuspensions have emerged as an effective technology for enhancing drug solubility and the dissolution rate of the drug. This review critically explores the formulation strategies, including bottom-up, top-down, and combinative techniques, and solidification methods such as spray drying and lyophilization. A detailed evaluation of key stability challenges—aggregation, Ostwald ripening, and crystal growth—is provided, along with mechanistic insights into electrostatic, steric, and electrosteric stabilization. The manuscript emphasizes how stabilizer type and concentration significantly influence the physical stability and performance of nanosuspensions. Characterization parameters such as particle size, zeta potential, saturation solubility, and crystallinity transitions are discussed to ensure optimal formulation quality. Additionally, recent advancements in route-specific nanosuspension applications and selected clinical trial data underscore the evolving relevance of this approach. The review concludes by outlining future directions for enhancing long-term stability and expanding therapeutic applications.

Antimicrobial resistance is a growing global health challenge, with conventional antibiotics increasingly failing against multidrug-resistant and biofilm-associated infections. Nanotechnology offers promising solutions through enhanced antimicrobial activity, targeted drug delivery, and rapid diagnostics. This review discusses metallic, metal oxide, and hybrid nanoparticles that combat resistant pathogens via mechanisms including reactive oxygen species generation, membrane disruption, and quorum-sensing interference. Nanocarrier systems, such as liposomes, dendrimers, and polymeric nanoparticles, enhance drug delivery and restore antibiotic sensitivity. Nano-enabled diagnostic platforms, including biosensors and electrochemical systems, facilitate rapid detection of resistance markers at the point of care. Despite these advances, challenges related to toxicity, environmental impact, regulatory approval, and large-scale manufacturing remain. Emerging developments in green synthesis, artificial intelligence-guided design, and personalized nanomedicine may accelerate clinical translation. Overall, nanotechnology represents a versatile platform for improving the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of antimicrobial-resistant infections.

Fucoidans are natural polysaccharides that are fucose-rich and sulfate-dense and are found in brown seaweed of marine origin. Fucoidan is rapidly becoming a key material for creating state-of-the-art nanocarriers. Whereas traditional synthetic nanocarriers are mostly used for their functionality rather than their biological properties, fucoidan-based nanocarriers are biodegradable and biocompatible and can even exhibit intrinsic bioactivities. Here, we demonstrate that the highly sulfated nature and adjustable molecular weight of fucoidan make it a strong candidate for selectively binding to targets (e.g., selectins, scavenger receptors, and growth factors) and for regulating immune responses (e.g., NF-κB and MAPK signalling pathways). Furthermore, we cover the various methods for fabricating self-assembled fucoidan nanoparticles (NPs), hybrid nanosystems, and ligand-functionalized surfaces. The fucoidan nanocarrier has been used to treat cancer, prevent cardiovascular thrombosis, and regulate inflammation through different mechanisms (targeting tumor vasculature, delivering anticoagulants, and reprogramming immune cells). Finally, we address the challenges of formulation scale-up, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and regulatory issues, as well as the need for sustainable fucoidan sourcing from marine sources. With continued interdisciplinary research and recent advances in marine biotechnology, fucoidan has bright prospects for the future of nanomedicine.