Efficient antidermatophytic agents to fight clinical Tinea spp. using Salvia multicaulis and Hypericum scabrum-based sustainable NCs

Rihan S. Abduljabar; Zagros A. Omar; Mohammed Ali Al-Naqshabandi; S. Mohammad Sajadi

doi:10.37819/nanofab.9.214

Efficient antidermatophytic agents to fight clinical Tinea spp. using Salvia multicaulis and Hypericum scabrum-based sustainable NCs

Rihan S. Abduljabar

Zagros A. Omar

Mohammed Ali Al-Naqshabandi

S. Mohammad Sajadi

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Abstract

Increased problems associated with side effects and microbial resistance of chemical drugs have promoted the research focus of herbs and herbs-based medicines as renewed interest. The present study studied the antifungal potential of Hypericum scabrum (H. scabrum), Salvia multicaulis (S. multicaulis) plants and their derived sustainable NCs against dermayophyton species. These plants were used as free-toxic solvent media and phytogradiant reductants to fabricate nanoformulations as alternative antimycotic drugs. Analysis of antifungal activity showed a noticeable inhibition of the trychophyton mycelial growth when cultured on SDA mixed with different doses of the plant extract, particularly 50% H. scabrum that stopped mycelial growth of T. mentagrophytes and T. verrcuosum thoroughly after 10-day incubation by of 100 % MGI, followed by Ag@Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ with particle size around 20 to 60 nm, that record ( 67.64 and 63,.33 % of MGI) by 50 µg ml⁻¹ application respectively. The lowest effect of H. scabrum and Ag@Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ at high concentrations was against T. simii (44.44 % and 16 % MGI). The maximum antifungal activity of 50 % Salvia multicaulis and 50 µg ml⁻¹ CuO@SiO₂ NC with an average diameter of 60 nm was found against T. mentagrophytes and T. verrcuosum with (66.66 and 51.47 % MGI), respectively, while the minimum activity was found against T. quinckeanum and T. simii (33.33 and 13.33 % MGI), respectively. Thus, these plant extracts and NCs could be used to develop a new medication for dermatophytosis.

Keywords: Salvia multicaulis Hypericum sabrum CuO@SiO2 NCs Ag@Fe3O4@SiO2 NCs antifungal activity dermatophytes

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References

Abduljabbar, Rihan S, Sajadi, S Mohammad, & Al-Naqshabandi, Mohammed Ali. (2023). Salvia multicaulis for biosynthesis of antioxidant CuO/SiO2 NCs and assessment of its phytochemical profile, Inorganic Chemistry Communications. 110903.
Abid, M, Ali, Syed Salman, & Shivam, Najam Ali Khan. (2020). A small study of fungal disorders and its types of treatment, Indian J Drugs. 8, 54-59.
Al-Janabi, Ali Abdul Hussein S, & Bashi, Abas Matrood. (2022). Synthesis and antifungal activity of novel griseofulvin nanoparticles with zinc oxide against dermatophytic fungi: Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton verrucosum: A primary study, Current Medical Mycology. 8(2), 40.
Ayan, Ali Kemal, Radušienė, Jolita, Çirak, Cüneyt, Ivanauskas, Liudas, & Janulis, Valdimaras (2009). Secondary metabolites of Hypericum scabrum and Hypericum bupleuroides, Pharmaceutical Biology. 47(9), 847-853.
Bardal, SK, Waechter, JE, & Martin, DS. (2011). Chapter 18—Infectious Diseases. Applied Pharmacology; Saunders: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 233-291.
Dauthal, Preeti, Mukhopadhyay, Mausumi. (2016). Noble metal nanoparticles: plant-mediated synthesis, mechanistic aspects of synthesis, and applications. Industrial, & Research, Engineering Chemistry, 55(36), 9557-9577.
Doughari, James Hamuel, Human, Izanne Susan, Benadé, AJ, & Ndakidemi, Patrick Alois. (2009). Phytochemicals as chemotherapeutic agents and antioxidants: Possible solution to the control of antibiotic resistant verocytotoxin producing bacteria. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 3(11): 839-848.
Durgeshlal, Chaudhary, Khan, Mohammad Sahroj, Prabhat, Shah Aditya, Prasad, Yadav Aaditya. (2019). Antifungal activity of three different ethanolic extract against isolates from diseased rice plant. Journal of Analytical Techniques, & Research, 1(1), 47-63.
Flores, JC, Torres, V, Popa, M, Crespo, D, & Calderón-Moreno. (2008). Preparation of core–shell nanospheres of silica–silver: SiO2@ Ag. JM Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 354(52-54), 5435-5439.
Ghasemi Pirbalouti, Abdollah, Fatahi-Vanani, Maryam, Craker, Lyle, & Shirmardi, Hamzeali. (2014). Chemical composition and bioactivity of essential oils of Hypericum helianthemoides. Hypericum perforatum and Hypericum scabrum. Pharmaceutical biology, 52(2), 175-181.
Hashoosh, Qadisiyah H, & AL-Araji, Alaa M. (2023). Molecular Identification of Tinea spp. Causing Tinea Disease using ITS Sequencing Analysis. Iraqi journal of biotechnology, 22(1).
Hussein, Hawkar M, Ghafoor, Dlzar D, & Omer, Khalid M. (2021). Room temperature and surfactant free synthesis of zinc peroxide (ZnO2) nanoparticles in methanol with highly efficient antimicrobials. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 14(4), 103090.
Jordá, Tania, & Puig, Sergi. (2020). Regulation of ergosterol biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genes, 11(7), 795.
Khan, Mohammad Faheem, & Khan, Mohd Aamish. (2023). Plant-Derived Metal Nanoparticles (PDMNPs): Synthesis, Characterization, and Oxidative Stress-Mediated Therapeutic Actions. Future Pharmacology, 3(1), 252-295.
Kim, Keuk-Jun, Sung, Woo Sang, Suh, Bo Kyoung, Moon, Seok-Ki, Choi, Jong-Soo, Kim, Jong Guk, & Lee, Dong Gun. (2009). Antifungal activity and mode of action of silver nano-particles on Candida albicans. Biometals, 22, 235-242.
Lewis, Tyra, Wallace, William, Peterson, Finlay Dingman, Rafferty, Steven, & Martic, Sanela (2022). Reactivities of quercetin and metallo‐quercetin with superoxide anion radical and molecular oxygen. Electrochemical Science Advances, 2(4), e2100054.
Mallikarjuna, K, Sushma, N John, Reddy, BV Subba, Narasimha, G, Raju, B Deva Prasad. (2013). Palladium nanoparticles: single-step plant-mediated green chemical procedure using Piper betle leaves broth and their anti-fungal studies. International Journal of Chemical and Analytical Science, 4(1), 14-18.
Marek, Cindy L, & Timmons, Sherry R. (2019). Antimicrobials in pediatric dentistry. Pediatric Dentistry, 128-141. e121: Elsevier.
Mukherjee, Khushi, Acharya, Krishnendu, Biswas, Aritra, & Jana, Nikhil R. (2020). TiO2 nanoparticles co-doped with nitrogen and fluorine as visible-light-activated antifungal agents. ACS Applied Nano Materials, 3(2), 2016-2025.
Ntow-Boahene, Winnie, Cook, David, & Good, Liam. (2021). Antifungal polymeric materials and nanocomposites, Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 9, 780328.
Omar, Zagros A, Abduljabar, Rihan S, Sajadi, S Mohammad, Mahmud, Sarbast A, Yahya, Rebaz Othman. (2022). Recent progress in eco-synthesis of essential oil-based nanoparticles and their possible mechanisms. Industrial Crops, & Products, 187, 115322.
Pradhan, Arunava, Seena, Sahadevan, Schlosser, Dietmar, Gerth, Katharina, Helm, Stefan, Dobritzsch, Melanie, et al. (2015). Fungi from metal‐polluted streams may have high ability to cope with the oxidative stress induced by copper oxide nanoparticles., Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 34(4), 923-930.
Rabiee, Navid, Bagherzadeh, Mojtaba, Kiani, Mahsa, & Ghadiri, Amir Mohammad. (2020). Rosmarinus officinalis directed palladium nanoparticle synthesis: investigation of potential anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and Mizoroki-Heck catalytic activities. Advanced Powder Technology, 31(4), 1402-1411.
Raza, Aun, Xu, Xiuquan, Xia, Li, Xia, Changkun, Tang, Jian, & Ouyang, Zhen. (2016). Quercetin-iron complex: synthesis, characterization, antioxidant, DNA binding, DNA cleavage, and antibacterial activity studies. Journal of fluorescence, 26, 2023-2031.
Rónavári, Andrea, Igaz, Nóra, Gopisetty, Mohana Krishna, Szerencsés, Bettina, Kovács, Dávid, Papp, Csaba, et al. (2018). Biosynthesized silver and gold nanoparticles are potent antimycotics against opportunistic pathogenic yeasts and dermatophytes. International journal of nanomedicine, 695-703.
Rowshan, Vahid, & Najafian, Sharareh, (2020). Polyphenolic contents and antioxidant activities of aerial parts of Salvia multicaulis from the Iran flora. Natural product research, 34(16), 2351-2353.
Saido, Khadeeja Ahmed. (2018). EFFECT OF SOME PLANT LEAVES EXTRACTS ON Fusarium culmorum THAT CAUSE WHEAT DAMPING-OFF DISEASE. Journal of Duhok University, 20(1), 124-131.
Salimikia, Iraj, Monsef-Esfahani, Hamid Reza, Gohari, Ahmad Reza, & Salek, Mehrnoosh. (2016). Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of Salvia chloroleuca aerial extracts. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 18(8).
Santos, Maximillan Leite, Magalhães, Chaiana Froés, Rosa, Marcelo Barcellos da, Santos, Daniel de Assis, Brasileiro, Beatriz Gonçalves, Carvalho, Leandro Machado de, et al. (2013). Antifungal activity of extracts from Piper aduncum leaves prepared by different solvents and extraction techniques against dermatophytes Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton interdigitale. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 44, 1275-1278.
Sardar, Momina, Ahmed, Waqas, Al Ayoubi, Samha, Nisa, Sobia, Bibi, Yamin, Sabir, Maimoona, et al. (2022). Fungicidal synergistic effect of biogenically synthesized zinc oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles against Alternaria citri causing citrus black rot disease. Saudi journal of biological sciences, 29(1), 88-95.
Seyrekoğlu, Fadime, Temiz, Hasan, Ferda, ESER, & Yildirim, Cengiz. (2022). Usage of encapsulated Hypericum scabrum in ayran and determination of antioxidant, phenolic and sensory properties. International Journal of Science Letters, 4(1), 143-155.
Shumaila, Abdullah MA, & Al-Thulaia, Abdulsalam AN. (2019). Mini-review on the synthesis of Biginelli analogs using greener heterogeneous catalysis: Recent strategies with the support or direct catalyzing of inorganic catalysts. Synthetic Communications, 49(13), 1613-1632.
Siddiqi, Khwaja Salahuddin, & Husen, Azamal. (2016). Fabrication of metal nanoparticles from fungi and metal salts: scope and application. Nanoscale research letters, 11, 1-15.
Slavin, Yael N, Asnis, Jason, Hńfeli, Urs O, & Bach, Horacio. (2017). Metal nanoparticles: understanding the mechanisms behind antibacterial activity. Journal of nanobiotechnology, 15, 1-20.
Slavin, Yael N, & Bach, Horacio. (2022). Mechanisms of Antifungal Properties of Metal Nanoparticles, Nanomaterials, 12(24), 4470.
Tocci, Noemi, Perenzoni, Daniele, Iamonico, Duilio, Fava, Francesca, Weil, Tobias, & Mattivi, Fulvio. (2018). Extracts From Hypericum hircinum subsp. majus Exert Antifungal Activity Against a Panel of Sensitive and Drug-Resistant Clinical Strains. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9, 382.
Wu, Yi-Bing, Ni, Zhi-Yu, Shi, Qing-Wen, Dong, Mei, Kiyota, Hiromasa, Gu, Yu-Cheng, & Cong, Bin %J Chemical reviews. (2012). Constituents from Salvia species and their biological activities. Chemical reviews, 112(11), 5967-6026.
Zakaria, ZA, Patahuddin, H, Mohamad, AS, Israf, DA, & Sulaiman, MR %J Journal of ethnopharmacology. (2010). In vivo anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous extract of the leaves of Piper sarmentosum. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 128(1), 42-48.

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Efficient antidermatophytic agents to fight clinical Tinea spp. using Salvia multicaulis and Hypericum scabrum-based sustainable NCs. (2024). Nanofabrication, 9. https://doi.org/10.37819/nanofab.9.214

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Efficient antidermatophytic agents to fight clinical Tinea spp. using Salvia multicaulis and Hypericum scabrum-based sustainable NCs. (2024). Nanofabrication, 9. https://doi.org/10.37819/nanofab.9.214

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Zagros A. Omar

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Mohammed Ali Al-Naqshabandi

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[1] Abduljabbar, Rihan S, Sajadi, S Mohammad, & Al-Naqshabandi, Mohammed Ali. (2023). Salvia multicaulis for biosynthesis of antioxidant CuO/SiO2 NCs and assessment of its phytochemical profile, Inorganic Chemistry Communications. 110903.

[2] Abid, M, Ali, Syed Salman, & Shivam, Najam Ali Khan. (2020). A small study of fungal disorders and its types of treatment, Indian J Drugs. 8, 54-59.

[3] Al-Janabi, Ali Abdul Hussein S, & Bashi, Abas Matrood. (2022). Synthesis and antifungal activity of novel griseofulvin nanoparticles with zinc oxide against dermatophytic fungi: Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton verrucosum: A primary study, Current Medical Mycology. 8(2), 40.

[4] Ayan, Ali Kemal, Radušienė, Jolita, Çirak, Cüneyt, Ivanauskas, Liudas, & Janulis, Valdimaras (2009). Secondary metabolites of Hypericum scabrum and Hypericum bupleuroides, Pharmaceutical Biology. 47(9), 847-853.

[5] Bardal, SK, Waechter, JE, & Martin, DS. (2011). Chapter 18—Infectious Diseases. Applied Pharmacology; Saunders: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 233-291.

[6] Dauthal, Preeti, Mukhopadhyay, Mausumi. (2016). Noble metal nanoparticles: plant-mediated synthesis, mechanistic aspects of synthesis, and applications. Industrial, & Research, Engineering Chemistry, 55(36), 9557-9577.

[7] Doughari, James Hamuel, Human, Izanne Susan, Benadé, AJ, & Ndakidemi, Patrick Alois. (2009). Phytochemicals as chemotherapeutic agents and antioxidants: Possible solution to the control of antibiotic resistant verocytotoxin producing bacteria. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 3(11): 839-848.

[8] Durgeshlal, Chaudhary, Khan, Mohammad Sahroj, Prabhat, Shah Aditya, Prasad, Yadav Aaditya. (2019). Antifungal activity of three different ethanolic extract against isolates from diseased rice plant. Journal of Analytical Techniques, & Research, 1(1), 47-63.

[9] Flores, JC, Torres, V, Popa, M, Crespo, D, & Calderón-Moreno. (2008). Preparation of core–shell nanospheres of silica–silver: SiO2@ Ag. JM Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 354(52-54), 5435-5439.

[10] Ghasemi Pirbalouti, Abdollah, Fatahi-Vanani, Maryam, Craker, Lyle, & Shirmardi, Hamzeali. (2014). Chemical composition and bioactivity of essential oils of Hypericum helianthemoides. Hypericum perforatum and Hypericum scabrum. Pharmaceutical biology, 52(2), 175-181.

[11] Hashoosh, Qadisiyah H, & AL-Araji, Alaa M. (2023). Molecular Identification of Tinea spp. Causing Tinea Disease using ITS Sequencing Analysis. Iraqi journal of biotechnology, 22(1).

[12] Hussein, Hawkar M, Ghafoor, Dlzar D, & Omer, Khalid M. (2021). Room temperature and surfactant free synthesis of zinc peroxide (ZnO2) nanoparticles in methanol with highly efficient antimicrobials. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 14(4), 103090.

[13] Jordá, Tania, & Puig, Sergi. (2020). Regulation of ergosterol biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genes, 11(7), 795.

[14] Khan, Mohammad Faheem, & Khan, Mohd Aamish. (2023). Plant-Derived Metal Nanoparticles (PDMNPs): Synthesis, Characterization, and Oxidative Stress-Mediated Therapeutic Actions. Future Pharmacology, 3(1), 252-295.

[15] Kim, Keuk-Jun, Sung, Woo Sang, Suh, Bo Kyoung, Moon, Seok-Ki, Choi, Jong-Soo, Kim, Jong Guk, & Lee, Dong Gun. (2009). Antifungal activity and mode of action of silver nano-particles on Candida albicans. Biometals, 22, 235-242.

[16] Lewis, Tyra, Wallace, William, Peterson, Finlay Dingman, Rafferty, Steven, & Martic, Sanela (2022). Reactivities of quercetin and metallo‐quercetin with superoxide anion radical and molecular oxygen. Electrochemical Science Advances, 2(4), e2100054.

[17] Mallikarjuna, K, Sushma, N John, Reddy, BV Subba, Narasimha, G, Raju, B Deva Prasad. (2013). Palladium nanoparticles: single-step plant-mediated green chemical procedure using Piper betle leaves broth and their anti-fungal studies. International Journal of Chemical and Analytical Science, 4(1), 14-18.

[18] Marek, Cindy L, & Timmons, Sherry R. (2019). Antimicrobials in pediatric dentistry. Pediatric Dentistry, 128-141. e121: Elsevier.

[19] Mukherjee, Khushi, Acharya, Krishnendu, Biswas, Aritra, & Jana, Nikhil R. (2020). TiO2 nanoparticles co-doped with nitrogen and fluorine as visible-light-activated antifungal agents. ACS Applied Nano Materials, 3(2), 2016-2025.

[20] Ntow-Boahene, Winnie, Cook, David, & Good, Liam. (2021). Antifungal polymeric materials and nanocomposites, Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 9, 780328.

[21] Omar, Zagros A, Abduljabar, Rihan S, Sajadi, S Mohammad, Mahmud, Sarbast A, Yahya, Rebaz Othman. (2022). Recent progress in eco-synthesis of essential oil-based nanoparticles and their possible mechanisms. Industrial Crops, & Products, 187, 115322.

[22] Pradhan, Arunava, Seena, Sahadevan, Schlosser, Dietmar, Gerth, Katharina, Helm, Stefan, Dobritzsch, Melanie, et al. (2015). Fungi from metal‐polluted streams may have high ability to cope with the oxidative stress induced by copper oxide nanoparticles., Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 34(4), 923-930.

[23] Rabiee, Navid, Bagherzadeh, Mojtaba, Kiani, Mahsa, & Ghadiri, Amir Mohammad. (2020). Rosmarinus officinalis directed palladium nanoparticle synthesis: investigation of potential anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and Mizoroki-Heck catalytic activities. Advanced Powder Technology, 31(4), 1402-1411.

[24] Raza, Aun, Xu, Xiuquan, Xia, Li, Xia, Changkun, Tang, Jian, & Ouyang, Zhen. (2016). Quercetin-iron complex: synthesis, characterization, antioxidant, DNA binding, DNA cleavage, and antibacterial activity studies. Journal of fluorescence, 26, 2023-2031.

[25] Rónavári, Andrea, Igaz, Nóra, Gopisetty, Mohana Krishna, Szerencsés, Bettina, Kovács, Dávid, Papp, Csaba, et al. (2018). Biosynthesized silver and gold nanoparticles are potent antimycotics against opportunistic pathogenic yeasts and dermatophytes. International journal of nanomedicine, 695-703.

[26] Rowshan, Vahid, & Najafian, Sharareh, (2020). Polyphenolic contents and antioxidant activities of aerial parts of Salvia multicaulis from the Iran flora. Natural product research, 34(16), 2351-2353.

[27] Saido, Khadeeja Ahmed. (2018). EFFECT OF SOME PLANT LEAVES EXTRACTS ON Fusarium culmorum THAT CAUSE WHEAT DAMPING-OFF DISEASE. Journal of Duhok University, 20(1), 124-131.

[28] Salimikia, Iraj, Monsef-Esfahani, Hamid Reza, Gohari, Ahmad Reza, & Salek, Mehrnoosh. (2016). Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of Salvia chloroleuca aerial extracts. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 18(8).

[29] Santos, Maximillan Leite, Magalhães, Chaiana Froés, Rosa, Marcelo Barcellos da, Santos, Daniel de Assis, Brasileiro, Beatriz Gonçalves, Carvalho, Leandro Machado de, et al. (2013). Antifungal activity of extracts from Piper aduncum leaves prepared by different solvents and extraction techniques against dermatophytes Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton interdigitale. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 44, 1275-1278.

[30] Sardar, Momina, Ahmed, Waqas, Al Ayoubi, Samha, Nisa, Sobia, Bibi, Yamin, Sabir, Maimoona, et al. (2022). Fungicidal synergistic effect of biogenically synthesized zinc oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles against Alternaria citri causing citrus black rot disease. Saudi journal of biological sciences, 29(1), 88-95.

[31] Seyrekoğlu, Fadime, Temiz, Hasan, Ferda, ESER, & Yildirim, Cengiz. (2022). Usage of encapsulated Hypericum scabrum in ayran and determination of antioxidant, phenolic and sensory properties. International Journal of Science Letters, 4(1), 143-155.

[32] Shumaila, Abdullah MA, & Al-Thulaia, Abdulsalam AN. (2019). Mini-review on the synthesis of Biginelli analogs using greener heterogeneous catalysis: Recent strategies with the support or direct catalyzing of inorganic catalysts. Synthetic Communications, 49(13), 1613-1632.

[33] Siddiqi, Khwaja Salahuddin, & Husen, Azamal. (2016). Fabrication of metal nanoparticles from fungi and metal salts: scope and application. Nanoscale research letters, 11, 1-15.

[34] Slavin, Yael N, Asnis, Jason, Hńfeli, Urs O, & Bach, Horacio. (2017). Metal nanoparticles: understanding the mechanisms behind antibacterial activity. Journal of nanobiotechnology, 15, 1-20.

[35] Slavin, Yael N, & Bach, Horacio. (2022). Mechanisms of Antifungal Properties of Metal Nanoparticles, Nanomaterials, 12(24), 4470.

[36] Tocci, Noemi, Perenzoni, Daniele, Iamonico, Duilio, Fava, Francesca, Weil, Tobias, & Mattivi, Fulvio. (2018). Extracts From Hypericum hircinum subsp. majus Exert Antifungal Activity Against a Panel of Sensitive and Drug-Resistant Clinical Strains. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9, 382.

[37] Wu, Yi-Bing, Ni, Zhi-Yu, Shi, Qing-Wen, Dong, Mei, Kiyota, Hiromasa, Gu, Yu-Cheng, & Cong, Bin %J Chemical reviews. (2012). Constituents from Salvia species and their biological activities. Chemical reviews, 112(11), 5967-6026.

[38] Zakaria, ZA, Patahuddin, H, Mohamad, AS, Israf, DA, & Sulaiman, MR %J Journal of ethnopharmacology. (2010). In vivo anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous extract of the leaves of Piper sarmentosum. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 128(1), 42-48.