In China, the aging population and the increasing incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementias have emerged as major medical concerns. Extensive research and new technologies on AD have provided possibilities for early intervention, including emerging biomarkers for detection and new drugs with disease-modifying therapy. This report includes a large amount of facts and figures to describe the understanding of patients and their families about the disease, discuss the problems they encounter in the current medical environment, and outline potential difficulties in clinical diagnosis and treatment status. Furthermore, people’s concerns, the overall effect on caregivers, and the development of AD treatment are presented in this report. Overall, to increase public awareness of the disease, this report suggests early detection, screening, and intervention for AD while calling on all sectors to work together to help AD patients.

Objective: In recent years, high-resolution nerve ultrasound has been increasingly used as a complementary tool to nerve conduction studies in the diagnosis of peripheral neuropathies. Inflammatory peripheral neuropathies include a heterogeneous group of neuropathies mainly including chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies (CIDP), multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN), systemic vasculitic neuropathy (SVN), and Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). We describe the ultrasonic characteristics of different inflammatory neuropathies.

Data sources and study selection: The MEDLINE database was searched to find studies on nerve sonography in inflammatory peripheral neuropathies. Reported studies up to December 2022 were included in this review.

Results: In neuropathies, the changes in ultrasound include enlarged nerve size, nerve echo-intensity, fascicle diameter and vascularity. Most CIDP patients have moderately enlarged CSA, some have dramatically enlarged CSA, and few have CSA within the normal range. Since the enlargement patterns are different, ultrasound is useful to help differentiate CIDP from CMT1. In follow-ups after immune treatment, nerve CSAs in CIDP could decrease, increase, or remain unchanged. Regional enlargement next to normal segments predominated in MMN. Nerve enlargement and hyper vascularization were found in vasculitic neuropathy. In GBS patients, there were enlarged peripheral nerve and nerve roots, which became normal at follow-up.

Conclusions: High-resolution nerve ultrasound is complementary to the diagnosis of inflammatory peripheral neuropathies. CSA enlargement and its distribution are the most useful and quantifiable parameters in the evaluation of peripheral nerves. For patients suspected to have inflammatory neuropathies, we advise measuring the CSA of several pre-determined sites in the median, ulnar nerve, C5-8 cervical roots, and brachial plexus.

Ischemic stroke survivors often suffer from severe disability and impaired quality of life, and the current treatments are inadequate. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a promising strategy to enhance recovery and alleviate symptoms, as it can modulate the electrical activity of neural circuits and facilitate neuroprotection and regeneration. In this review, we conducted a comprehensive literature search and summarized the chronic sequelae and mechanisms of ischemic stroke. Then we discuss the common targets and outcomes of DBS in preclinical and clinical studies, as well as the challenges and opportunities of DBS for ischemic stroke treatment.

Prosaposin is a multifunctional protein known for its regulatory role in lysosomal physiological functions and its involvement as a secreted protein in various physiological processes. It has been identified as a factor in several major neurological disorders, including Parkinson's Disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Frontotemporal dementia (FTD), schizophrenia, and nerve injury. A comprehensive understanding of prosaposin's involvement in the pathological processes of these diseases and exploring their commonalities among different diseases could shed light on new strategies for understanding the mechanisms and treating various neurological disorders. This review summarizes the role of prosaposin in the pathogenesis of multiple neurological diseases and discusses its commonalities across these diseases, offering an outlook on future research directions regarding the diagnosis and treatment.

Our clinical image revealed a case of Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome (KTWS) accompanied by a spinal arteriovenous shunt and an intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula. There have been few reports of KTWS patients developing dural arteriovenous fistulas. This clinical image highlights the strong association between KTWS and CNS vascular malformations. It is important to note that KTWS patients are at risk of developing central nervous system vascular diseases. Therefore, early detection and screening are recommended.