Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer

2023 China Alzheimer’s disease: facts and figures

  • Jinwen Xiao
  • Jianping Li
  • Jintao Wang
  • Xingyu Zhang
  • Cong Wang
  • Guoping Peng
  • Hua Hu
  • Huayan Liu
  • Jun Liu
  • Lu Shen
  • Nan Zhang
  • Ning Yan
  • Qinying Ma
  • Wanzhong Xu
  • Zhengluan Liao
  • Rujing Ren
  • Mingwei Wang
  • Enyan Yu
  • Jinzhou Tian
  • Huali Wang
  • Yong’an Sun
  • Hengge Xie
  • Gang Wang

Abstract

In China, the aging population and the increasing incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementias have emerged as major medical concerns. Extensive research and new technologies on AD have provided possibilities for early intervention, including emerging biomarkers for detection and new drugs with disease-modifying therapy. This report includes a large amount of facts and figures to describe the understanding of patients and their families about the disease, discuss the problems they encounter in the current medical environment, and outline potential difficulties in clinical diagnosis and treatment status. Furthermore, people’s concerns, the overall effect on caregivers, and the development of AD treatment are presented in this report. Overall, to increase public awareness of the disease, this report suggests early detection, screening, and intervention for AD while calling on all sectors to work together to help AD patients.

Section

References

  1. Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. (2023). Alzheimer's & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 19(4), 1598-1695. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.13016
  2. Administration, N. M. P. (2023). Release of drug approval document service information.https://www.nmpa.gov.cn/zwfw/sdxx/sdxxyp/yppjfb/20230915152000153.html(Acess in 2023.10.15)
  3. Arevalo-Rodriguez, I., Smailagic, N., Roqué-Figuls, M., Ciapponi, A., Sanchez-Perez, E., Giannakou, A., Pedraza, O. L., Bonfill Cosp, X., & Cullum, S. (2021). Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for the early detection of dementia in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 7(7), CD010783. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010783.pub3
  4. Avila, J., Lucas, J. J., Perez, M., & Hernandez, F. (2004). Role of tau protein in both physiological and pathological conditions. Physiological Reviews, 84(2), 361-384. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15044677
  5. Cacace, R., Sleegers, K., & Van Broeckhoven, C. (2016). Molecular genetics of early-onset Alzheimer's disease revisited. Alzheimer's & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 12(6), 733-748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2016.01.012
  6. Chen, Y., Denny, K. G., Harvey, D., Farias, S. T., Mungas, D., DeCarli, C., & Beckett, L. (2017). Progression from normal cognition to mild cognitive impairment in a diverse clinic-based and community-based elderly cohort. Alzheimer's & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 13(4), 399-405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2016.07.151
  7. Citron, M., Westaway, D., Xia, W., Carlson, G., Diehl, T., Levesque, G., Johnson-Wood, K., Lee, M., Seubert, P., Davis, A., Kholodenko, D., Motter, R., Sherrington, R., Perry, B., Yao, H., Strome, R., Lieberburg, I., Rommens, J., Kim, S., . . . Selkoe, D. J. (1997). Mutant presenilins of Alzheimer's disease increase production of 42-residue amyloid beta-protein in both transfected cells and transgenic mice. Nat Med, 3(1), 67-72. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm0197-67
  8. Clark, C. M., Schneider, J. A., Bedell, B. J., Beach, T. G., Bilker, W. B., Mintun, M. A., Pontecorvo, M. J., Hefti, F., Carpenter, A. P., Flitter, M. L., Krautkramer, M. J., Kung, H. F., Coleman, R. E., Doraiswamy, P. M., Fleisher, A. S., Sabbagh, M. N., Sadowsky, C. H., Reiman, E. P., Zehntner, S. P., & Skovronsky, D. M. (2011). Use of florbetapir-PET for imaging beta-amyloid pathology. JAMA, 305(3), 275-283. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.2008
  9. Crous-Bou, M., Minguillón, C., Gramunt, N., & Molinuevo, J. L. (2017). Alzheimer's disease prevention: from risk factors to early intervention. Alzheimer's Research & Therapy, 9(1), 71. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-017-0297-z
  10. De Roeck, E. E., De Deyn, P. P., Dierckx, E., & Engelborghs, S. (2019). Brief cognitive screening instruments for early detection of Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. Alzheimer's Research & Therapy, 11(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-019-0474-3
  11. Gao, F., Dai, L., Wang, Q., Liu, C., Deng, K., Cheng, Z., Lv, X., Wu, Y., Zhang, Z., Tao, Q., Yuan, J., Li, S., Wang, Y., Su, Y., Cheng, X., Ni, J., Wu, Z., Zhang, S., Shi, J., & Shen, Y. (2023). Blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease: a multicenter-based cross-sectional and longitudinal study in China. Science Bulletin, 68(16), 1800-1808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2023.07.009
  12. Global, regional, and national burden of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. (2019). The Lancet. Neurology, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30403-4
  13. Hampel, H., Shaw, L. M., Aisen, P., Chen, C., Lleó, A., Iwatsubo, T., Iwata, A., Yamada, M., Ikeuchi, T., Jia, J., Wang, H., Teunissen, C. E., Peskind, E., Blennow, K., Cummings, J., & Vergallo, A. (2022). State-of-the-art of lumbar puncture and its place in the journey of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 18(1), 159-177. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12372
  14. Hardy, J. A., & Higgins, G. A. (1992). Alzheimer's disease: the amyloid cascade hypothesis. Science, 256(5054), 184-185. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1566067
  15. Huang, L.-K., Kuan, Y.-C., Lin, H.-W., & Hu, C.-J. (2023). Clinical trials of new drugs for Alzheimer disease: a 2020-2023 update. Journal of Biomedical Science, 30(1), 83. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12929-023-00976-6
  16. Ikonomovic, M. D., Klunk, W. E., Abrahamson, E. E., Mathis, C. A., Price, J. C., Tsopelas, N. D., Lopresti, B. J., Ziolko, S., Bi, W., Paljug, W. R., Debnath, M. L., Hope, C. E., Isanski, B. A., Hamilton, R. L., & DeKosky, S. T. (2008). Post-mortem correlates of in vivo PiB-PET amyloid imaging in a typical case of Alzheimer's disease. Brain : a Journal of Neurology, 131(Pt 6), 1630-1645. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awn016
  17. Jack, C. R., Bennett, D. A., Blennow, K., Carrillo, M. C., Dunn, B., Haeberlein, S. B., Holtzman, D. M., Jagust, W., Jessen, F., Karlawish, J., Liu, E., Molinuevo, J. L., Montine, T., Phelps, C., Rankin, K. P., Rowe, C. C., Scheltens, P., Siemers, E., Snyder, H. M., & Sperling, R. (2018). NIA-AA Research Framework: Toward a biological definition of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 14(4), 535-562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2018.02.018
  18. Janelidze, S., Pannee, J., Mikulskis, A., Chiao, P., Zetterberg, H., Blennow, K., & Hansson, O. (2017). Concordance Between Different Amyloid Immunoassays and Visual Amyloid Positron Emission Tomographic Assessment. JAMA Neurology, 74(12), 1492-1501. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.2814
  19. Jia, J., Wei, C., Chen, S., Li, F., Tang, Y., Qin, W., Zhao, L., Jin, H., Xu, H., Wang, F., Zhou, A., Zuo, X., Wu, L., Han, Y., Han, Y., Huang, L., Wang, Q., Li, D., Chu, C., . . . Gauthier, S. (2018). The cost of Alzheimer's disease in China and re-estimation of costs worldwide. Alzheimer's & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 14(4), 483-491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2017.12.006
  20. Jucker, M., & Walker, L. C. (2023). Alzheimer's disease: From immunotherapy to immunoprevention. Cell, 186(20), 4260-4270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2023.08.021
  21. Karki, H. P., Jang, Y., Jung, J., & Oh, J. (2021). Advances in the development paradigm of biosample-based biosensors for early ultrasensitive detection of alzheimer's disease. Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 19(1), 72. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-021-00814-7
  22. Laske, C., Sohrabi, H. R., Frost, S. M., López-de-Ipiña, K., Garrard, P., Buscema, M., Dauwels, J., Soekadar, S. R., Mueller, S., Linnemann, C., Bridenbaugh, S. A., Kanagasingam, Y., Martins, R. N., & O'Bryant, S. E. (2015). Innovative diagnostic tools for early detection of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 11(5), 561-578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2014.06.004
  23. Liu, J., Wang, L. N., & Tan, J. P. (2013). Dementia in China: current status. Neurology, 81(12), 1077-1078. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182a4a3cb
  24. Ngandu, T., Lehtisalo, J., Solomon, A., Levälahti, E., Ahtiluoto, S., Antikainen, R., Bäckman, L., Hänninen, T., Jula, A., Laatikainen, T., Lindström, J., Mangialasche, F., Paajanen, T., Pajala, S., Peltonen, M., Rauramaa, R., Stigsdotter-Neely, A., Strandberg, T., Tuomilehto, J., . . . Kivipelto, M. (2015). A 2 year multidomain intervention of diet, exercise, cognitive training, and vascular risk monitoring versus control to prevent cognitive decline in at-risk elderly people (FINGER): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet (London, England), 385(9984), 2255-2263. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60461-5
  25. Palmqvist, S., Janelidze, S., Quiroz, Y. T., Zetterberg, H., Lopera, F., Stomrud, E., Su, Y., Chen, Y., Serrano, G. E., Leuzy, A., Mattsson-Carlgren, N., Strandberg, O., Smith, R., Villegas, A., Sepulveda-Falla, D., Chai, X., Proctor, N. K., Beach, T. G., Blennow, K., . . . Hansson, O. (2020). Discriminative Accuracy of Plasma Phospho-tau217 for Alzheimer Disease vs Other Neurodegenerative Disorders. JAMA, 324(8), 772-781. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.12134
  26. Ren, R., Qi, J., Lin, S., Liu, X., Yin, P., Wang, Z., Tang, R., Wang, J., Huang, Q., Li, J., Xie, X., Hu, Y., Cui, S., Zhu, Y., Yu, X., Wang, P., Zhu, Y., Wang, Y., Huang, Y., . . . Wang, G. (2022). The China Alzheimer Report 2022. General Psychiatry, 35(1), e100751. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2022-100751
  27. Ross, E. L., Weinberg, M. S., & Arnold, S. E. (2022). Cost-effectiveness of Aducanumab and Donanemab for Early Alzheimer Disease in the US. JAMA Neurology, 79(5), 478-487. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.0315
  28. Scheltens, P., De Strooper, B., Kivipelto, M., Holstege, H., Chetelat, G., Teunissen, C. E., Cummings, J., & van der Flier, W. M. (2021). Alzheimer's disease. Lancet, 397(10284), 1577-1590. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32205-4
  29. Sirkis, D. W., Bonham, L. W., Johnson, T. P., La Joie, R., & Yokoyama, J. S. (2022). Dissecting the clinical heterogeneity of early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Molecular Psychiatry, 27(6), 2674-2688. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-022-01531-9
  30. van Dyck, C. H., Swanson, C. J., Aisen, P., Bateman, R. J., Chen, C., Gee, M., Kanekiyo, M., Li, D., Reyderman, L., Cohen, S., Froelich, L., Katayama, S., Sabbagh, M., Vellas, B., Watson, D., Dhadda, S., Irizarry, M., Kramer, L. D., & Iwatsubo, T. (2022). Lecanemab in Early Alzheimer's Disease. N Engl J Med. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2212948
  31. Veitch, D. P., Weiner, M. W., Miller, M., Aisen, P. S., Ashford, M. A., Beckett, L. A., Green, R. C., Harvey, D., Jack, C. R., Jagust, W., Landau, S. M., Morris, J. C., Nho, K. T., Nosheny, R., Okonkwo, O., Perrin, R. J., Petersen, R. C., Rivera Mindt, M., Saykin, A., . . . Tosun, D. (2023). The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative in the era of Alzheimer's disease treatment: A review of ADNI studies from 2021 to 2022. Alzheimer's & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer's Association. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.13449
  32. Wang, H.-L., Tang, R., Ren, R.-J., Dammer, E. B., Guo, Q.-H., Peng, G.-P., Cui, H.-L., Zhang, Y.-M., Wang, J.-T., Xie, X.-Y., Huang, Q., Li, J.-P., Yan, F.-H., Chen, S.-D., He, N.-Y., & Wang, G. (2022). Speech silence character as a diagnostic biomarker of early cognitive decline and its functional mechanism: a multicenter cross-sectional cohort study. BMC Medicine, 20(1), 380. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-022-02584-x
  33. Wang J-T, W. G. (10th July, 2023.). Investigation and Research on the Current Situation of Patients with Cognitive Impairment. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/M1xpv3osiEbkvxtFn0AXrQ (Acess in 2023.10.15)
  34. Wang, X., Huang, W., Su, L., Xing, Y., Jessen, F., Sun, Y., Shu, N., & Han, Y. (2020). Neuroimaging advances regarding subjective cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Molecular Neurodegeneration, 15(1), 55. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-020-00395-3
  35. Wang, Y.-Q., Jia, R.-X., Liang, J.-H., Li, J., Qian, S., Li, J.-Y., & Xu, Y. (2019). Dementia in China (2015-2050) estimated using the 1% population sampling survey in 2015. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 19(11), 1096-1100. https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.13778
  36. Weiner, M. F., Hynan, L. S., Bret, M. E., & White, C. (2005). Early behavioral symptoms and course of Alzheimer's disease. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 111(5), 367-371. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15819730
  37. Xiao, Z., Wu, W., Ma, X., Liang, X., Lu, J., Zheng, L., Ding, S., Lei, Q., Luo, J., Chen, K., Ding, D., & Zhao, Q. (2022). Plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 and p-tau181 Predict Long-Term Clinical Progression in a Cohort with Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment. Clinical Chemistry, 68(12), 1552-1563. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/hvac149
  38. Zhu, Y., Yu, X., & Wang, G. (2023). Suggestions for home care of people with dementia based on community support. Chinese Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, 6(01), 77-84.

How to Cite

“2023 China Alzheimer’s Disease: Facts and Figures”. Human Brain, vol. 2, no. 3, Dec. 2023, https://doi.org/10.37819/hb.3.1771.

How to Cite

“2023 China Alzheimer’s Disease: Facts and Figures”. Human Brain, vol. 2, no. 3, Dec. 2023, https://doi.org/10.37819/hb.3.1771.

HTML
2911

Total
1672

Share

Downloads

Article Details

Most Read This Month

License

Copyright (c) 2023 Jinwen Xiao, Jianping Li, Jintao Wang, Xingyu Zhang, Cong Wang, Guoping Peng, Hua Hu, Huayan Liu, Jun Liu, Lu Shen, Nan Zhang, Ning Yan, Qinying Ma, Wanzhong Xu, Zhengluan Liao, Rujing Ren, Mingwei Wang, Enyan Yu, Jinzhou Tian, Huali Wang, Yong’an Sun, Hengge Xie , Gang Wang

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Most read articles by the same author(s)