Dinosaur Track from the Jurassic Xiahuayuan Formation of Northern China

Lida  Xing; Martin  Lockley; Zhitao  Wang; Jianjun  Liu; W. Scott  Persons IV; Bolin  Tong; Liu  Chang

doi:10.37819/biosis.003.01.0168

Dinosaur Track from the Jurassic Xiahuayuan Formation of Northern China

Lida Xing

Martin Lockley

Zhitao Wang

Jianjun Liu

W. Scott Persons IV

Bolin Tong

Liu Chang

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Abstract

An isolated but moderately well-preserved theropod track from the coal-bearing strata of the Zhangjiakou City region of Hebei Province was reported to have originated from the Xiahuayuan Formation, which is considered Middle Jurassic in age. Although the track has a wide divarication angle and length-width ratio reminiscent of Cretaceous tracks like Magnoavipes, it would be speculative to apply this Identification based on a single track. Therefore, it is considered most likely to be a preservational variant of Kayentapus, in which the heel trace is lacking. Kayentapus is widely known from the Lower Jurassic of China. This is the first report of a track or any vertebrate fossil from the Middle Jurassic of this region of Hebei Province, China.

Keywords: Kayentapus Magnoavipes Middle Jurassic

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References

Belvedere, M., & Farlow, J. O. (2016). A numerical scale for quantifying the quality of preservation of vertebrate tracks. In: Falkingham PL, Marty D, Richter A, editors. Dinosaur tracks–the next steps. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, pp.92-98.
Hitchcock, E. (1858). Ichnology of New England: A report on the sandstone of the Connecticut Valley, especially its fossil footmarks. Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Boston (MA): William White, Printer to the State, pp. 220.
Lee, Y. N. (1997). Bird and dinosaur footprints in the Woodbine Formation (Cenomanian), Texas. Cretaceous Research, 18: 849-864.
Lockley, M. G. (1991). Tracking dinosaurs: a new look at an ancient world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 238.
Lockley, M. G., & Hunt, A. P. (1995). Tracking dinosaurs: a new look at an ancient world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 338
Lockley, M. G., Gierlinski, G. D., Lucas, S. G. (2011). Kayentapus revisited: notes on the type material and the importance of this theropod footprint ichnogenus. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull, 53: 330-336.
Lockley, M. G., Li, J. J., Li, R. H., Matsukawa, M., Harris, J. D., Xing, L. D. (2013). A review of the tetrapod track record in China, with special reference to type ichnospecies: implications for ichnotaxonomy and paleobiology. Acta Geol Sin, 87(1):1-20. DOI:10.1111/1755-6724.12026.
Lockley, M. G., & Matsukawa, M. (2009). A review of vertebrate track distributions in east and southeast Asia. J Paleontol Soc Korea, 25(1):17-42.
Lockley, M. G, Matsukawa, M., Li, J. J. (2003). Crouching theropods in taxonomic jungles: ichnological and ichnotaxonomic investigations of footprints with metatarsal and ischial impressions. Ichnos, 10(2-4): 169-177. DOI:10.1080/ 10420940390256249.
Lockley MG, Wright J L, Matsukawa M. 2001. A New Look at Magnoavipes and so-called “Big Bird” tracks from Dinosaur Ridge (Cretaceous, Colorado). in Lockley M. G. and Taylor, A. (eds) Dinosaur Ridge: celebrating a decade of discovery. Mountain Geologist, 38: 137-146.
Lockley, M. G., & Xing, L. D. (2021). A review of the non-avian theropod track record and the implications for the Ontogenetic Niche Shift model. Earth Science Reviews, 220, 103715
Lull, R.S. (1953). Triassic life of the Connecticut Valley. Bulletin of the Connecticut Geology and Natural History Survey, 181: 1-331.
Lucas, S. G. (2007). Tetrapod footprint biostratigraphy and biochronology. Ichnos, 14(1-2): 5-38. DOI:10.1080/10420940601006792.
Matsukawa, M., Lockley, M. G., Hayashi, K., Korai, K., Pej, C., Haichun, Z. (2014). First report of the ichnogenus Magnoavipes from China: new discovery from the Lower Cretaceous inter-mountain basin of Shangzhou, Shaanxi Province, central China. Cretaceous Research, 47: 131-139.
Olsen, P. E., Smith, J. B., McDonald, N. G. (1998). Type material of the type species of theclassic theropod footprint genera Eubrontes, Anchisauripus, and Grallator (EarlyJurassic, Hartford and Deerfield basins, Connecticut and Massachusetts, U.S.A.). J Vertebr Paleontol, 18(3): 586-601. DOI:10.1080/ 02724634.1998.10011086.
Pang, Q. Q., Wang, P., Yang, Z. S., Zhang, W. P. (1995). Biostratigraphy of Middle Jurassic Xiahuayuan Formation in Yangyuan County Hebei Province and its Paleoenvironments. Professional Papers of Stratigraphy and Palaeontology. Beijing: Geological publishing house, 26: 92-100.
Piubelli, D., Avanzini, M., Mietto, P. (2005). The Early Jurassic ichnogenus Kayentapus at Lavino de Marco ichnosite (NE Italy): Global distribution and paleogeographic implications. Bulletin Geological Society of Italy, 124: 259-267.
Wagensommer, A., Latiano, M., Leroux, G., Cassano, G., D’Orazi Porchetti, S. (2012). Newdinosaur tracksites from the Middle Jurassic of Madagascar: ichnotaxonomical, behav-ioural and palaeoenvironmental implications. Palaeontology, 55(1): 109-126. DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01121.x.
Welles, S. P. (1971). Dinosaur footprints from the Kayenta Formation of Northern Arizona. Plateau, 44(1): 27-38.
Xing, L. D., Lockley, M. G., Li, Z. D., Klein, H., Zhang, J. P., Gierliński, G. D., Ye, Y., Persons, W. S. IV., Zhou, L. (2013). Middle Jurassic theropod trackways from the Panxi region, Southwest China and a consideration of their geologic age. Palaeoworld, 22(1-2): 36-41. DOI:10.1016/j.palwor.2012.11.002.
Xing, L. D., Zhang, J. P., Lockley, M. G., McCrea, R. T., Klein, H., Alcalá, L., Buckley, L. G., Burns, M. E., Kümmell, S. B., He, Q. (2015a). Hints of the early Jehol Biota: important dinosaur footprint assemblages from the Jurassic–Cretaceous Boundary Tuchengzi Formation in Beijing, China. PLOS ONE, 10(4): e0122715.
Xing, L. D., Lockley, M. G., Tang, Y. G., Klein, H., Zhang, J. P., Persons, W. S. IV., Dai, H., Ye, Y. (2015b). Theropod and ornithischian footprints from the Middle Jurassic Yanan Formation of Zizhou County, Shaanxi, China. Ichnos, 22(1): 1-11. DOI:10.1080/10420940.2014.985670.
Xing, L. D., Lockley, M. G., Mao, Z. F., Klein, H., Gu, Z. F., Bai, C. D., Qiu, L., Liu, Y. S., Romilio, A., Persons, W. S. IV., Wan, X. Q. (2021a). A new dinosaur track site from the earliest Cretaceous (Berriasian) part of the Tuchengzi Formation, Hebei Province, China: Implications for morphology, ontogeny and paleocommunity structure. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 580: 110619. DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110619
Xing, L. D., Lockley, M. G., Peng, G. Z., Ye, Y., Jiang, S., Romilio, A., Persons, W. S. IV., Wang, M. Y. (2021b). A review of two Middle Jurassic theropod tracksites discovered in the 1980s from Sichuan Basin. Biosis: Biological Systems, 2(1): 191-208.
Xing, L. D., Dai, H., Wei, G. B., Lockley, M. G., Klein, H., Persons, W. S. IV., Wang, M. Y., Jing, S. X., Hu, H. Q. (2021c). The Early Jurassic Kayentapus dominated tracks from Chongqing, China. Historical Biology, 33(10): 2067-2073. DOI: 10.1080/08912963.2020.1769093
Xing, L. D., Lockley, M. G., Zhang, L. J., Romilio, A., Namier, N., Wang, M. Y., Persons, W. S. IV. (2021d). Tetrapod track assemblages from midwestern Inner Mongolia, China: Review and new observations. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 82: 525-541.
Zhang, L. S., Zhang, S. H., Yuan, D. X., X, M. Z., Zhao, K. M. (2009). The stratigraphic division and correlation of Early-Middle Jurassic strata in northwestern Hebei. Geologoca Review, 55(5): 628-638.
Zhang, L. S., Yang, S. C., Fan, H. P., Zhang, S. S., Xie, M. Z., Tang, J. X., Sun, Y. M., Shang, H. T. (2016). The Corresponding Relation Between Jurassic Stratigraphic Classification of North Hebei and the Stratigraphic Chart of China. Geological Review, 62(4): 840-848.
Zhen, S. N., Li, J., Rao, C. (1986). Dinosaur footprints of Jinning, Yunnan. Mem Beijing Nat Hist Mus, 33(5): 1-19.

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Dinosaur Track from the Jurassic Xiahuayuan Formation of Northern China. (2022). Biosis: Biological Systems, 3(1), e003. https://doi.org/10.37819/biosis.003.01.0168

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Dinosaur Track from the Jurassic Xiahuayuan Formation of Northern China. (2022). Biosis: Biological Systems, 3(1), e003. https://doi.org/10.37819/biosis.003.01.0168

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Martin Lockley

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Zhitao Wang

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Jianjun Liu

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W. Scott Persons IV

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[1] Belvedere, M., & Farlow, J. O. (2016). A numerical scale for quantifying the quality of preservation of vertebrate tracks. In: Falkingham PL, Marty D, Richter A, editors. Dinosaur tracks–the next steps. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, pp.92-98.

[2] Hitchcock, E. (1858). Ichnology of New England: A report on the sandstone of the Connecticut Valley, especially its fossil footmarks. Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Boston (MA): William White, Printer to the State, pp. 220.

[3] Lee, Y. N. (1997). Bird and dinosaur footprints in the Woodbine Formation (Cenomanian), Texas. Cretaceous Research, 18: 849-864.

[4] Lockley, M. G. (1991). Tracking dinosaurs: a new look at an ancient world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 238.

[5] Lockley, M. G., & Hunt, A. P. (1995). Tracking dinosaurs: a new look at an ancient world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 338

[6] Lockley, M. G., Gierlinski, G. D., Lucas, S. G. (2011). Kayentapus revisited: notes on the type material and the importance of this theropod footprint ichnogenus. New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull, 53: 330-336.

[7] Lockley, M. G., Li, J. J., Li, R. H., Matsukawa, M., Harris, J. D., Xing, L. D. (2013). A review of the tetrapod track record in China, with special reference to type ichnospecies: implications for ichnotaxonomy and paleobiology. Acta Geol Sin, 87(1):1-20. DOI:10.1111/1755-6724.12026.

[8] Lockley, M. G., & Matsukawa, M. (2009). A review of vertebrate track distributions in east and southeast Asia. J Paleontol Soc Korea, 25(1):17-42.

[9] Lockley, M. G, Matsukawa, M., Li, J. J. (2003). Crouching theropods in taxonomic jungles: ichnological and ichnotaxonomic investigations of footprints with metatarsal and ischial impressions. Ichnos, 10(2-4): 169-177. DOI:10.1080/ 10420940390256249.

[10] Lockley MG, Wright J L, Matsukawa M. 2001. A New Look at Magnoavipes and so-called “Big Bird” tracks from Dinosaur Ridge (Cretaceous, Colorado). in Lockley M. G. and Taylor, A. (eds) Dinosaur Ridge: celebrating a decade of discovery. Mountain Geologist, 38: 137-146.

[11] Lockley, M. G., & Xing, L. D. (2021). A review of the non-avian theropod track record and the implications for the Ontogenetic Niche Shift model. Earth Science Reviews, 220, 103715

[12] Lull, R.S. (1953). Triassic life of the Connecticut Valley. Bulletin of the Connecticut Geology and Natural History Survey, 181: 1-331.

[13] Lucas, S. G. (2007). Tetrapod footprint biostratigraphy and biochronology. Ichnos, 14(1-2): 5-38. DOI:10.1080/10420940601006792.

[14] Matsukawa, M., Lockley, M. G., Hayashi, K., Korai, K., Pej, C., Haichun, Z. (2014). First report of the ichnogenus Magnoavipes from China: new discovery from the Lower Cretaceous inter-mountain basin of Shangzhou, Shaanxi Province, central China. Cretaceous Research, 47: 131-139.

[15] Olsen, P. E., Smith, J. B., McDonald, N. G. (1998). Type material of the type species of theclassic theropod footprint genera Eubrontes, Anchisauripus, and Grallator (EarlyJurassic, Hartford and Deerfield basins, Connecticut and Massachusetts, U.S.A.). J Vertebr Paleontol, 18(3): 586-601. DOI:10.1080/ 02724634.1998.10011086.

[16] Pang, Q. Q., Wang, P., Yang, Z. S., Zhang, W. P. (1995). Biostratigraphy of Middle Jurassic Xiahuayuan Formation in Yangyuan County Hebei Province and its Paleoenvironments. Professional Papers of Stratigraphy and Palaeontology. Beijing: Geological publishing house, 26: 92-100.

[17] Piubelli, D., Avanzini, M., Mietto, P. (2005). The Early Jurassic ichnogenus Kayentapus at Lavino de Marco ichnosite (NE Italy): Global distribution and paleogeographic implications. Bulletin Geological Society of Italy, 124: 259-267.

[18] Wagensommer, A., Latiano, M., Leroux, G., Cassano, G., D’Orazi Porchetti, S. (2012). Newdinosaur tracksites from the Middle Jurassic of Madagascar: ichnotaxonomical, behav-ioural and palaeoenvironmental implications. Palaeontology, 55(1): 109-126. DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01121.x.

[19] Welles, S. P. (1971). Dinosaur footprints from the Kayenta Formation of Northern Arizona. Plateau, 44(1): 27-38.

[20] Xing, L. D., Lockley, M. G., Li, Z. D., Klein, H., Zhang, J. P., Gierliński, G. D., Ye, Y., Persons, W. S. IV., Zhou, L. (2013). Middle Jurassic theropod trackways from the Panxi region, Southwest China and a consideration of their geologic age. Palaeoworld, 22(1-2): 36-41. DOI:10.1016/j.palwor.2012.11.002.

[21] Xing, L. D., Zhang, J. P., Lockley, M. G., McCrea, R. T., Klein, H., Alcalá, L., Buckley, L. G., Burns, M. E., Kümmell, S. B., He, Q. (2015a). Hints of the early Jehol Biota: important dinosaur footprint assemblages from the Jurassic–Cretaceous Boundary Tuchengzi Formation in Beijing, China. PLOS ONE, 10(4): e0122715.

[22] Xing, L. D., Lockley, M. G., Tang, Y. G., Klein, H., Zhang, J. P., Persons, W. S. IV., Dai, H., Ye, Y. (2015b). Theropod and ornithischian footprints from the Middle Jurassic Yanan Formation of Zizhou County, Shaanxi, China. Ichnos, 22(1): 1-11. DOI:10.1080/10420940.2014.985670.

[23] Xing, L. D., Lockley, M. G., Mao, Z. F., Klein, H., Gu, Z. F., Bai, C. D., Qiu, L., Liu, Y. S., Romilio, A., Persons, W. S. IV., Wan, X. Q. (2021a). A new dinosaur track site from the earliest Cretaceous (Berriasian) part of the Tuchengzi Formation, Hebei Province, China: Implications for morphology, ontogeny and paleocommunity structure. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 580: 110619. DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110619

[24] Xing, L. D., Lockley, M. G., Peng, G. Z., Ye, Y., Jiang, S., Romilio, A., Persons, W. S. IV., Wang, M. Y. (2021b). A review of two Middle Jurassic theropod tracksites discovered in the 1980s from Sichuan Basin. Biosis: Biological Systems, 2(1): 191-208.

[25] Xing, L. D., Dai, H., Wei, G. B., Lockley, M. G., Klein, H., Persons, W. S. IV., Wang, M. Y., Jing, S. X., Hu, H. Q. (2021c). The Early Jurassic Kayentapus dominated tracks from Chongqing, China. Historical Biology, 33(10): 2067-2073. DOI: 10.1080/08912963.2020.1769093

[26] Xing, L. D., Lockley, M. G., Zhang, L. J., Romilio, A., Namier, N., Wang, M. Y., Persons, W. S. IV. (2021d). Tetrapod track assemblages from midwestern Inner Mongolia, China: Review and new observations. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 82: 525-541.

[27] Zhang, L. S., Zhang, S. H., Yuan, D. X., X, M. Z., Zhao, K. M. (2009). The stratigraphic division and correlation of Early-Middle Jurassic strata in northwestern Hebei. Geologoca Review, 55(5): 628-638.

[28] Zhang, L. S., Yang, S. C., Fan, H. P., Zhang, S. S., Xie, M. Z., Tang, J. X., Sun, Y. M., Shang, H. T. (2016). The Corresponding Relation Between Jurassic Stratigraphic Classification of North Hebei and the Stratigraphic Chart of China. Geological Review, 62(4): 840-848.

[29] Zhen, S. N., Li, J., Rao, C. (1986). Dinosaur footprints of Jinning, Yunnan. Mem Beijing Nat Hist Mus, 33(5): 1-19.