Phyllotheca douroensis sp. nov., a new equisetalean fossil-species from the Douro Carboniferous Basin (Upper Pennsylvanian; NW Portugal): palaeobiogeographical, systematic and evolutionary implications

Catarina  Barbosa; Pedro Correia; João Muchagata; Rúben Domingos; Artur A.  Sá

doi:10.37819/biosis.003.01.0162

Phyllotheca douroensis sp. nov., a new equisetalean fossil-species from the Douro Carboniferous Basin (Upper Pennsylvanian; NW Portugal): palaeobiogeographical, systematic and evolutionary implications

Catarina Barbosa

Pedro Correia

João Muchagata

Rúben Domingos

Artur A. Sá

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Abstract

The first occurrence of the fossil-genus Phyllotheca (Equisetales) from the Carboniferous of Portugal is documented and its palaeobiogeographical, systematic and evolutionary significance is assessed. In this paper, we described this new equisetalean fossil as new species, Phyllotheca douroensis sp. nov., found in the Douro Carboniferous Basin (lower Stephanian C/lower Gzhelian, Upper Pennsylvanian), in northwestern Portugal. P. douroensis sp. nov. represents a convergent form of Phyllothecaceae sensu lato (comprises the Angaran Tchernoviaceae and the Gondwanan Gondwanostachyaceae) with closer affinities to Euramerican floral province.

Keywords: phytogeographic provinces (Floral Realms) convergent evolution Phyllotheca Equisetales Douro Carboniferous Basin lower Gzhelian (Upper Pennsylvanian)

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References

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Arber, E. A. N., (1905). The Glossopteris flora. British Universities Catalogue, London.
Anderson, M. & Anderson, H. M. (1985). Palaeoflora of southern Africa. Prodromus of southern African megafloras Devonian to Lower Cretaceous. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
Berchtold, F. W. & Presl, J. S. (1820). O přirozenosti rostlin. Krause, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Boardman, D. R., Iannuzzi, R., & Dutra, T. L. 2016. A new genus of Sphenopsida from the Lower Permian of the Paraná Basin, Southern Brazil. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 233, 44–55.
Boureau, E. (1964). Traité de Paléobotanique III: Sphenophyta et Noeggerathiophyta. Masson et Cie Éditeurs, Paris, France.
Brongniart, A. T. (1828). Prodrome d'une histoire des végétaux fossiles. F.G. Levrault, Paris.
Broutin, J. (1974). Sur quelques plantes fossiles du Bassin Autuno-Stephanien de Guadalcanal (Province de Seville, Espagne). Lagascalia, 4(2), 221–237.
Cocks, L. R. M. & Torsvik, T. H. (2011). The palaeozoic geography of Laurentia and Western Laurussia: A stable craton with mobile margins. Earth-Science Reviews, 106(1–2), 1–51.
Correia, P., Murphy, J. B., Sá, A. A., Domingos, R. & Flores, D. (2013). First Palaeozoic arachnid from Portugal and implications for Carboniferous palaeobiogeography. Geological Journal, 48, 101–107.
Correia, P., Šimůnek, Z., Pšenička, J., Sá, A. A., Domingos, R., Carneiro, A. & Flores, D. (2014a). New paleobotanical data on the Portuguese Pennsylvanian (Douro Carboniferous Basin, NW Portugal). Comunicações Geológicas, 101, 409–414.
Correia, P., Nel, A., Sá, A. A., Domingos, R., Carneiro, A. & Flores, D. (2014b). A new Palaeodictyoptera from the Late Carboniferous of Portugal. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, (n.s.), 49(4), 398–401.
Correia, P., Sá, A. A., Murphy, J. B., Šimůnek, Z. & Flores, D. (2016). Lesleya Lesquereux from the Pennsylvanian of the Iberian Massif: part of a dryland megaflora from the Variscan orogen, northwestern Portugal. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 53, 883–895.
Correia, P., Šimůnek, Z., Sá, A. A. & Flores, D. 2018. A new Late Pennsylvanian floral assemblage from the Douro Basin, Portugal. Geological Journal, 53, 2507–2531.
Correia, P., Šimůnek, Z., Cleal, C. J. & Sá, A. A. (2019a). Douropteris alvarezii gen. nov., sp. nov., a new medullosalean pteridosperm genus from the early Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) of Douro Basin (NW Portugal). Geological Journal, 54, (3), 1567–1577.
Correia, P., Šimůnek, Z., Cleal, C. J., Vallois, B., Domingos, R. & Sá, A. A. (2019b). On a new species of the calamitalean fossil-genus Annularia from the Douro Basin (lower Gzhelian; NW Portugal). Historical Biology, 33 (2), 258–267.
Correia, P., Bashforth, A. R., Šimůnek, Z., Cleal, C. J., Sá, A. A. & Labandeira, C. C. (2020). The history of herbivory on sphenophytes: a new calamitalean with an insect gall from the Upper Pennsylvanian of Portugal and a review of arthropod herbivory on an ancient lineage. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 181, 387–418.
Correia, P. & Murphy, J. B. (2020). Iberian-Appalachian connection is the missing link between Gondwana and Laurasia that confirms a Wegenerian Pangaea configuration. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 2498.
Correia, P., Šimůnek, Z. & Sá, A. A. (2021). The equisetalean Iberisetum wegeneri gen. nov., sp. nov. from the Upper Pennsylvanian of Portugal. Historical Biology. https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2021.1874373
Cúneo, R. & Escapa, I. (2006). The Equisetalean genus Cruciaetheca nov. from the Lower Permian of Patagonia, Argentina. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 167(1), 167–177.
De, A., De, B., Bera, S. (2003). First record of Raniganjia bengalensis (Rigby) Pant & Nautiyal from lower Permian beds (Barakar Formation) of South Karanpura coalfield, Jharkhand, India. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 61, 487–490.
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Eagar, R. M. C. (1983). The non-marine bivalve fauna of the Stephanian C of the North Portugal. In: Lemos de Sousa, M. J. & Oliveira, J. T. (Eds). The Carboniferous of the Portugal. Memórias dos Serviços Geológicos de Portugal (Lisboa) 29; pp. 179–185.
Elgorriaga, A., Escapa, I. H., Rothwell, G. W., Tomescu, A. M. F. & Cúneo, N. R. (2018). Origin of Equisetum: evolution of horsetails (Equisetales) within the major euphyllophyte clade Sphenopsida. American Journal of Botany, 105(8), 1286–1303.
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Loureiro, J. P., Correia, P., Nel, A. & Pinto de Jesus, A. (2010). Lusitaneura covensis nov. gen. & nov. sp., first Caloneurodea from the Carboniferous of Portugal (Insecta: Pterygota: Panorthoptera). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, (n.s.), 46(1–2), 242–246.
Maheshwari, H. K. (1974). Palaeozoic Lycopsida and Sphenopsida. In: Sumngr, K. R., Whanpal, R. N. & Bharadwa, D. C. editors. Aspects and appraisal of Indian palaeobotany. Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow, p. 51–61.
Mcloughlin, S. (1992). Late Permian plant megafossils from the Bowen Basin, Queensland, Australia: Part 1. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 228, 105–149.
Mcloughlin, S., Larsson, K. & Lindström, S. (2005). Permian plant macrofossils from Fossilryggen, Vestfjella, Dronning Maud Land. Antarctic Science, 17, 73–86.
Meyen, S. V. (1967). New data on the relationship between Angara and Gondwana late Paleozoic floras. Gondwana Stratigraphy, IUGS 1st Gondwana Symposium, Buenos Aires 1967, UNESCO Earth Sciences 2, p. 144–152.
Meyen, S. V. (1969). The Angara members of the Gondwana genus Barakaria and its systematical position. Argumenta Palaeobotanica, 3, 1–14.
Meyen, S. V. (1971). Phyllotheca-like plants from the Upper Palaeozoic flora of Angaraland. Palaeontographica B, 133, 1–33.
Meyen, S. V. (1982). The Carboniferous and Permian floras of Angaraland (A synthesis). Biological Memoirs, 7, 1–110.
Meyen, S. V. (1987). Fundamentals of Palaeobotany. Chapman & Hall, New York, USA.
Naugolnykh, S. V. (2002). Paracalamitina striata—a newly reconstructed equisetophyte from the Permian of Angaraland. Journal of Paleontology, 76(2), 377–385.
Naugolnykh, S. V. & Uranbileg, L. (2018). A new discovery of Glossopteris in southeastern Mongolia as an argument for distant migration of Gondwanan plants. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 154, 142–148.
Oshurkova, M. V. (1996). Paleoecological parallelism between the Angaran and Euramerican phytogeographic provinces. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 90, 99–111.
Pfefferkorn, H. W. & Wang, J. (2016). Paleoecology of Noeggerathiales, an enigmatic, extinct plant group of Carboniferous and Permian times. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 448, 141–150.
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Phyllotheca douroensis sp. nov., a new equisetalean fossil-species from the Douro Carboniferous Basin (Upper Pennsylvanian; NW Portugal): palaeobiogeographical, systematic and evolutionary implications. (2022). Biosis: Biological Systems, 3(1), e001. https://doi.org/10.37819/biosis.003.01.0162

How to Cite

Phyllotheca douroensis sp. nov., a new equisetalean fossil-species from the Douro Carboniferous Basin (Upper Pennsylvanian; NW Portugal): palaeobiogeographical, systematic and evolutionary implications. (2022). Biosis: Biological Systems, 3(1), e001. https://doi.org/10.37819/biosis.003.01.0162

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[1] Agardh, C. H. (1825). Aphorismi botanici. Classes plantarum, pars 1. Berling, Lund.

[2] Arber, E. A. N., (1905). The Glossopteris flora. British Universities Catalogue, London.

[3] Anderson, M. & Anderson, H. M. (1985). Palaeoflora of southern Africa. Prodromus of southern African megafloras Devonian to Lower Cretaceous. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.

[4] Berchtold, F. W. & Presl, J. S. (1820). O přirozenosti rostlin. Krause, Prague, Czech Republic.

[5] Boardman, D. R. & Iannuzzi, R. (2010). Presence of the genus Giridia, sphenophyte, in the Paraná Basin (lower Permian, Rio Bonito Formation). Revista Brasileira De Paleontologia, 13(1), 5–12.

[6] Boardman, D. R., Iannuzzi, R., & Dutra, T. L. 2016. A new genus of Sphenopsida from the Lower Permian of the Paraná Basin, Southern Brazil. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 233, 44–55.

[7] Boureau, E. (1964). Traité de Paléobotanique III: Sphenophyta et Noeggerathiophyta. Masson et Cie Éditeurs, Paris, France.

[8] Brongniart, A. T. (1828). Prodrome d'une histoire des végétaux fossiles. F.G. Levrault, Paris.

[9] Broutin, J. (1974). Sur quelques plantes fossiles du Bassin Autuno-Stephanien de Guadalcanal (Province de Seville, Espagne). Lagascalia, 4(2), 221–237.

[10] Cocks, L. R. M. & Torsvik, T. H. (2011). The palaeozoic geography of Laurentia and Western Laurussia: A stable craton with mobile margins. Earth-Science Reviews, 106(1–2), 1–51.

[11] Correia, P., Murphy, J. B., Sá, A. A., Domingos, R. & Flores, D. (2013). First Palaeozoic arachnid from Portugal and implications for Carboniferous palaeobiogeography. Geological Journal, 48, 101–107.

[12] Correia, P., Šimůnek, Z., Pšenička, J., Sá, A. A., Domingos, R., Carneiro, A. & Flores, D. (2014a). New paleobotanical data on the Portuguese Pennsylvanian (Douro Carboniferous Basin, NW Portugal). Comunicações Geológicas, 101, 409–414.

[13] Correia, P., Nel, A., Sá, A. A., Domingos, R., Carneiro, A. & Flores, D. (2014b). A new Palaeodictyoptera from the Late Carboniferous of Portugal. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, (n.s.), 49(4), 398–401.

[14] Correia, P., Sá, A. A., Murphy, J. B., Šimůnek, Z. & Flores, D. (2016). Lesleya Lesquereux from the Pennsylvanian of the Iberian Massif: part of a dryland megaflora from the Variscan orogen, northwestern Portugal. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 53, 883–895.

[15] Correia, P., Šimůnek, Z., Sá, A. A. & Flores, D. 2018. A new Late Pennsylvanian floral assemblage from the Douro Basin, Portugal. Geological Journal, 53, 2507–2531.

[16] Correia, P., Šimůnek, Z., Cleal, C. J. & Sá, A. A. (2019a). Douropteris alvarezii gen. nov., sp. nov., a new medullosalean pteridosperm genus from the early Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) of Douro Basin (NW Portugal). Geological Journal, 54, (3), 1567–1577.

[17] Correia, P., Šimůnek, Z., Cleal, C. J., Vallois, B., Domingos, R. & Sá, A. A. (2019b). On a new species of the calamitalean fossil-genus Annularia from the Douro Basin (lower Gzhelian; NW Portugal). Historical Biology, 33 (2), 258–267.

[18] Correia, P., Bashforth, A. R., Šimůnek, Z., Cleal, C. J., Sá, A. A. & Labandeira, C. C. (2020). The history of herbivory on sphenophytes: a new calamitalean with an insect gall from the Upper Pennsylvanian of Portugal and a review of arthropod herbivory on an ancient lineage. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 181, 387–418.

[19] Correia, P. & Murphy, J. B. (2020). Iberian-Appalachian connection is the missing link between Gondwana and Laurasia that confirms a Wegenerian Pangaea configuration. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 2498.

[20] Correia, P., Šimůnek, Z. & Sá, A. A. (2021). The equisetalean Iberisetum wegeneri gen. nov., sp. nov. from the Upper Pennsylvanian of Portugal. Historical Biology. https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2021.1874373

[21] Cúneo, R. & Escapa, I. (2006). The Equisetalean genus Cruciaetheca nov. from the Lower Permian of Patagonia, Argentina. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 167(1), 167–177.

[22] De, A., De, B., Bera, S. (2003). First record of Raniganjia bengalensis (Rigby) Pant & Nautiyal from lower Permian beds (Barakar Formation) of South Karanpura coalfield, Jharkhand, India. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 61, 487–490.

[23] Domingos, L. C. G., Freire, J. L. S., Gomes da Silva, F., Gonçalves, F., Pereira, E., Ribeiro, A. (1983). The structure of the intramontane Upper Carboniferous basins in Portugal. In: Lemos de Sousa, M.J. & Oliveira, J. T. (Eds). The Carboniferous of Portugal. Memórias dos Serviços Geológicos de Portugal (Lisboa) 29; pp. 187–194.

[24] Eagar, R. M. C. (1983). The non-marine bivalve fauna of the Stephanian C of the North Portugal. In: Lemos de Sousa, M. J. & Oliveira, J. T. (Eds). The Carboniferous of the Portugal. Memórias dos Serviços Geológicos de Portugal (Lisboa) 29; pp. 179–185.

[25] Elgorriaga, A., Escapa, I. H., Rothwell, G. W., Tomescu, A. M. F. & Cúneo, N. R. (2018). Origin of Equisetum: evolution of horsetails (Equisetales) within the major euphyllophyte clade Sphenopsida. American Journal of Botany, 105(8), 1286–1303.

[26] Lemos de Sousa, M. J. & Wagner, R. H. (1983). General description of the terrestrial Carboniferous basins in Portugal and history of investigations. In: Lemos de Sousa, M. J. & Oliveira, J. T. (Eds). The Carboniferous of Portugal. Memórias dos Serviços Geológicos de Portugal (Lisboa) 29; pp. 117–126.

[27] Loureiro, J. P., Correia, P., Nel, A. & Pinto de Jesus, A. (2010). Lusitaneura covensis nov. gen. & nov. sp., first Caloneurodea from the Carboniferous of Portugal (Insecta: Pterygota: Panorthoptera). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, (n.s.), 46(1–2), 242–246.

[28] Maheshwari, H. K. (1974). Palaeozoic Lycopsida and Sphenopsida. In: Sumngr, K. R., Whanpal, R. N. & Bharadwa, D. C. editors. Aspects and appraisal of Indian palaeobotany. Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow, p. 51–61.

[29] Mcloughlin, S. (1992). Late Permian plant megafossils from the Bowen Basin, Queensland, Australia: Part 1. Palaeontographica Abteilung B, 228, 105–149.

[30] Mcloughlin, S., Larsson, K. & Lindström, S. (2005). Permian plant macrofossils from Fossilryggen, Vestfjella, Dronning Maud Land. Antarctic Science, 17, 73–86.

[31] Meyen, S. V. (1967). New data on the relationship between Angara and Gondwana late Paleozoic floras. Gondwana Stratigraphy, IUGS 1st Gondwana Symposium, Buenos Aires 1967, UNESCO Earth Sciences 2, p. 144–152.

[32] Meyen, S. V. (1969). The Angara members of the Gondwana genus Barakaria and its systematical position. Argumenta Palaeobotanica, 3, 1–14.

[33] Meyen, S. V. (1971). Phyllotheca-like plants from the Upper Palaeozoic flora of Angaraland. Palaeontographica B, 133, 1–33.

[34] Meyen, S. V. (1982). The Carboniferous and Permian floras of Angaraland (A synthesis). Biological Memoirs, 7, 1–110.

[35] Meyen, S. V. (1987). Fundamentals of Palaeobotany. Chapman & Hall, New York, USA.

[36] Naugolnykh, S. V. (2002). Paracalamitina striata—a newly reconstructed equisetophyte from the Permian of Angaraland. Journal of Paleontology, 76(2), 377–385.

[37] Naugolnykh, S. V. & Uranbileg, L. (2018). A new discovery of Glossopteris in southeastern Mongolia as an argument for distant migration of Gondwanan plants. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 154, 142–148.

[38] Oshurkova, M. V. (1996). Paleoecological parallelism between the Angaran and Euramerican phytogeographic provinces. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 90, 99–111.

[39] Pfefferkorn, H. W. & Wang, J. (2016). Paleoecology of Noeggerathiales, an enigmatic, extinct plant group of Carboniferous and Permian times. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 448, 141–150.

[40] Pinto de Jesus, A. (2001). Génese e Evolução da Bacia Carbonífera do Douro (Estefaniano C inferior, NW de Portugal); Um Modelo [unpublished Ph.D. dissertation]. University of Porto, Portugal.

[41] Pinto de Jesus, A. (2003). Evolução sedimentar e tectónica da Bacia Carbonífera do Douro (Estefaniano C inferior, NW de Portugal). Caderno Lab Xeolóxico Laxe Coruña, 28, 107–125.

[42] Prevec, R., Gastaldo, R. A., Neveling, J., Samuel, B. R. & Looy, C. V. (2010). An autochthonous glossopterid flora with latest Permian palynomorphs and its depositional setting in the Dicynodon Assemblage Zone of the southern Karoo Basin, South Africa. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 292, 391–408.

[43] Rigby, J. F. (1962a). On a collection of plants of Permian age from Baralaba, Queensland. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 87(3), 341–351.

[44] Rigby, J. F. (1962b). The taxonomic position of Actinopteris indica Srivastava. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 86(3), 299–304.

[45] Roesler, G. A. & Iannuzzi, R. (2012). Nova espécie de Sphenophyta no Eopermiano do Rio Grande do Sul (Grupo Itararé, Bacia do Paraná). Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, 15, 141–152.

[46] Saksena, S. (1952). On a new species of Phyllotheca (P. Sahnii) from the South Rewah Gondwana basin, Central India, and its comparison with P. Etheridgei from the New Castle Series, New South Wales, Australia. The Palaeobotanist, 1, 409–415.

[47] Saksena, S. (1954). Reconstruction of the vegetative branches of Phyllotheca etheridgei Arber and P. Sahnii Saksena. Palaeobotanist, 3, 51–53.

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