A mid-Cretaceous fungus, Philothysanus burmanicus gen. et sp. nov. (Ascomycota: Spheciophilaceae), on a thrip (Thysanoptera) in Burmese amber

George Poinar

doi:10.37819/biosis.001.04.0158

A mid-Cretaceous fungus, Philothysanus burmanicus gen. et sp. nov. (Ascomycota: Spheciophilaceae), on a thrip (Thysanoptera) in Burmese amber

George Poinar

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Abstract

Male and female thalli of a mid-Cretaceous fungus attached to a thrip (Thysanoptera) in Burmese amber are described as Philothysanus burmanicus gen. et sp. nov. in the family Spheciophilaceae (Ascomycota). Both spermatia and ascospores are present. Currently, Philothysanus burmanicus gen. et sp. nov., together with the previously described Spheciophilia adercia Poinar, represent the oldest known ectoparasitic fungi of insects and their age can be used as a reference point in future phylogenetic studies on the origin of fungi with this life style.

Keywords: fossil fungus Thysanoptera Early Cretaceous Burmese amber

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References

Balazuc, J. (1972). Laboulbénales nouvelles, parasites d’Insectes. Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, 76, 226– 235.
Benjamin, R.K. (1973). Laboulbeniales. In G.C. Ainsworth, F.K. Sparrow, & A.S. Sussman, (Eds.): The Fungi: an advanced Treatise, Vol. 4A (pp 223– 246). Academic Press.
Clements, F.E. & Shear, C.L. (1931). The genera of fungi. The H. W. Wilson Co., New York.
Cruickshank, R.D. & Ko, K. (2003). Geology of an amber locality in the Hukawng Valley, northern Myanmar. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 21, 441- 455. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1367-9120(02)00044-5
Goldman, L. & Weir, A. (2018). Molecular phylogeny of the Laboulbeniomyces (Acomycota). Fungal Biology, 122, 87-100.
Haelewaters, D., Blackwell, M., & Pfister, D. H. (2021). Laboulbeniomycetes: intimate fungal associates of arthropods. Annual Review of Entomology 66, 257-278. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-013020-013553
Harper, C. J. & Krings, M. (2021). Fungi as parasites: a conspectus of the fossil record. Topics in Geobiology, 49, 69-108. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42484-8_2
Perreau, M., Haelewaters, D., & Tafforeau, P. (2021). A parasitic coevolution since the Miocene revealed by phase-contrast synchrotron X-ray microtomography and the study of natural history collections. Nature Research, Scientific reports, 11, 2672: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79481-x
Poinar, Jr., G. (2016). A mid-Cretaceous ectoparasitic fungus, Spheciophila adercia gen. et sp nov. attached to a wasp in Myanmar amber. Fungal Genomics and Biology 6, 145. https://doi.org/10.4127/2165-8056.1000145
Poinar, Jr., G., Lambert, J.B., & Wu,Y. (2007). Araucarian source of fossiliferous Burmese amber: spectroscopic and anatomical evidence. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas, 1, 449- 455.
Rasnitsyn, A. P., Poinar, Jr., G. O., & Brown, A. (2017). Bizarre wingless parasitic wasp from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (Hymenoptera, Ceraphronoidea, Aptenoperissidae fam. nov.). Cretaceous Research 69, 113-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2016.09.003
Shi, G., Grimaldi, D.A, Harlow, G.E, Wang, J., Yang, M., Lei, W., Li, Q., & Li. X. (2012). Age constraint on Burmese amber based on U-Pb dating of zircons. –Cretaceous Research, 37, 155–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2012.03.014
Santamaria, S. (1999). A new combination for Dioicomyces bournieri (Laboulbeniales). Mycotaxon, 71, 413- 416.
Santamaria, S. (2002). A taxonomic revision of the genus Dioicomyces (Laboulbeniales). Mycological Research 106, 615-638. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0953756202005816
Tavares, I.I. (1985). Laboulbeniales (Fungi,Ascomycetes). Mycologia Memoir, 9, 1–622.
Thaxter, R. (1895). Contributions towards a monograph of the Laboulbeniaceae. Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 12, 189- 429.
Thaxter, R. (1926). Contribution towards a monograph of the Laboubeniaceae. Part IV. Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 15, 431- 555, 557-580.

How to Cite

A mid-Cretaceous fungus, Philothysanus burmanicus gen. et sp. nov. (Ascomycota: Spheciophilaceae), on a thrip (Thysanoptera) in Burmese amber. (2021). Biosis: Biological Systems, 2(4), 408-415. https://doi.org/10.37819/biosis.001.04.0158

How to Cite

A mid-Cretaceous fungus, Philothysanus burmanicus gen. et sp. nov. (Ascomycota: Spheciophilaceae), on a thrip (Thysanoptera) in Burmese amber. (2021). Biosis: Biological Systems, 2(4), 408-415. https://doi.org/10.37819/biosis.001.04.0158

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[1] Balazuc, J. (1972). Laboulbénales nouvelles, parasites d’Insectes. Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, 76, 226– 235.

[2] Benjamin, R.K. (1973). Laboulbeniales. In G.C. Ainsworth, F.K. Sparrow, & A.S. Sussman, (Eds.): The Fungi: an advanced Treatise, Vol. 4A (pp 223– 246). Academic Press.

[3] Clements, F.E. & Shear, C.L. (1931). The genera of fungi. The H. W. Wilson Co., New York.

[4] Cruickshank, R.D. & Ko, K. (2003). Geology of an amber locality in the Hukawng Valley, northern Myanmar. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 21, 441- 455. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1367-9120(02)00044-5

[5] Goldman, L. & Weir, A. (2018). Molecular phylogeny of the Laboulbeniomyces (Acomycota). Fungal Biology, 122, 87-100.

[6] Haelewaters, D., Blackwell, M., & Pfister, D. H. (2021). Laboulbeniomycetes: intimate fungal associates of arthropods. Annual Review of Entomology 66, 257-278. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-013020-013553

[7] Harper, C. J. & Krings, M. (2021). Fungi as parasites: a conspectus of the fossil record. Topics in Geobiology, 49, 69-108. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42484-8_2

[8] Perreau, M., Haelewaters, D., & Tafforeau, P. (2021). A parasitic coevolution since the Miocene revealed by phase-contrast synchrotron X-ray microtomography and the study of natural history collections. Nature Research, Scientific reports, 11, 2672: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79481-x

[9] Poinar, Jr., G. (2016). A mid-Cretaceous ectoparasitic fungus, Spheciophila adercia gen. et sp nov. attached to a wasp in Myanmar amber. Fungal Genomics and Biology 6, 145. https://doi.org/10.4127/2165-8056.1000145

[10] Poinar, Jr., G., Lambert, J.B., & Wu,Y. (2007). Araucarian source of fossiliferous Burmese amber: spectroscopic and anatomical evidence. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas, 1, 449- 455.

[11] Rasnitsyn, A. P., Poinar, Jr., G. O., & Brown, A. (2017). Bizarre wingless parasitic wasp from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (Hymenoptera, Ceraphronoidea, Aptenoperissidae fam. nov.). Cretaceous Research 69, 113-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2016.09.003

[12] Shi, G., Grimaldi, D.A, Harlow, G.E, Wang, J., Yang, M., Lei, W., Li, Q., & Li. X. (2012). Age constraint on Burmese amber based on U-Pb dating of zircons. –Cretaceous Research, 37, 155–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2012.03.014

[13] Santamaria, S. (1999). A new combination for Dioicomyces bournieri (Laboulbeniales). Mycotaxon, 71, 413- 416.

[14] Santamaria, S. (2002). A taxonomic revision of the genus Dioicomyces (Laboulbeniales). Mycological Research 106, 615-638. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0953756202005816

[15] Tavares, I.I. (1985). Laboulbeniales (Fungi,Ascomycetes). Mycologia Memoir, 9, 1–622.

[16] Thaxter, R. (1895). Contributions towards a monograph of the Laboulbeniaceae. Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 12, 189- 429.

[17] Thaxter, R. (1926). Contribution towards a monograph of the Laboubeniaceae. Part IV. Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 15, 431- 555, 557-580.