Nanofabrication（2299-680X) publishes multi- and interdisciplinary works from researchers in the broad field of micro- to nanostructuring and device fabrication. This journal is the first journal to highlight the importance of the interface of science and engineering in Nanofabrication and its role in this multidisciplinary and collaborative research area. Nanofab is widely indexed by relevant services and databases, including the Emerging Science Citation Index and Scopus.
Authors retain copyright over the materials published under an Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) license.
Designing Nanomaterial-infused Working Fluids for Energy Efficiency Improvement in Microstructured Copper Heat Absorbers
Passive solar-thermal systems depend on efficient heat transfer to keep absorber temperatures low. Nanofluid working media and microstructured copper interfaces can intensify boiling and rewetting using passive modifications. Integrated, stability-screened comparisons that combine nanofluids with fabricated microstructures under unified boundary conditions remain limited. This study quantifies the coupled influence of nanofluid formulation and copper surface topology on passive phase-change devices. Graphene, CuO, Al₂O₃, and TiO₂ nanofluids (0.05–0.30 wt%) were prepared and characterized for dispersion size, zeta potential, UV–Vis retention, viscosity, and thermal conductivity, and were tested in circular and flat-plate wicked heat pipes and a wickless thermosyphon with plain, hemispherical, and micropillar evaporators from 20–100 W at 0°–90° with triplicate repeats (k=2). Micropillar evaporators exhibit low resistance; the maximum reduction was 48% compared with plain copper, indicating enhanced capillary replenishment and wetted area. Graphene provides the strongest fluid effect; at 100 W on micropillars in the circular device, the thermal resistance fell from 0.210 to 0.168 °C/W, supporting coupled conductivity and interfacial conditioning. These quantified gains support absorber-interface redesign for higher energy efficiency and reduced orientation sensitivity. Future work targets long-cycle durability, fouling, and outdoor exposure of nanomaterial suspensions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wasurat Bunpheng, V. M. Rajavel Muthaiah, Ratchagaraja Dhairiyasamy, Deekshant Varshney, Subhav Singh, Choon Kit Chan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Melanin and Melanin-like Nanoparticles: A Versatile Platform for Synergistic Cancer Photothermal and Immunotherapy
Melanin, a ubiquitous natural pigment, possesses diverse physicochemical properties that extend beyond its conventional photoprotective role, making it a compelling agent in oncology. This review synthesizes current knowledge on melanin, with a particular focus on nanoformulations (MNPs), and critically examines their potential as multifaceted platforms for cancer therapy. We highlight the distinctive capabilities of MNPs, including their efficient photothermal conversion for tumor ablation and an innate propensity for lymphatic accumulation, whichpositions them as a highly promising vehicle for synergizing photothermal therapy with immunotherapy. While the broader biomedical potential of MNPs is acknowledged, this article concentrates on the challenges of standardization and long-term biocompatibility that must beaddressed through multidisciplinary collaboration. The objective of this work is to catalyze further research aimed at translating these innovative discoveries into next-generation cancertherapeutics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sachin Mendi, Aarushi Deshmukh, Kuldeep Vinchurkar, Vijay R. Chidrawar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Tartaric Acid and Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Driven Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis: Antibacterial Nano-warriors
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as promising nano-antimicrobials due to their broad-spectrum bactericidal activity. In this paper, we have reported the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with desired size and high purity using tartaric acid and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). In the synthetic reaction, tartartic acid acts a reducing agent and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) which acts a capping agent and it controls the growth of the particles in the range of nanoparticles. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by modern method and tools such as UV-Vis. Spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). These AgNPs have been used to investigate the anti-bacterial activity study and this study describes that AgNPs gives very good results. IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) values were found 61.9 µg/ml and 96.7 µg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria respectively for which silver nanoparticles shows very much potent efficacy against both Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) bacteria, which conclude that these silver nanoparticles are very effective towards broad spectrum antibacterial applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Atrayee Deb, Waikhom Somraj Singh, Kuntal Manna, Prasanta Sutradhar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Optimization of Green Synthesis of TiO2 Nanoparticles by Bacillus velezensis as Antibacterial Agent
Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) being one of the most prevalent pathogenic bacteria, can form biofilms and cause oral infections. The subsequent need is a strong and effective antimicrobial material with minimal side effects to limit biofilm formation and biofilm proliferation from this bacterium. In this study we employed the Taguchi experimental design technique to study the synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles from Bacillus velezensis (B. velezensis) and evaluated their ability to inhibit the growth of S. mutans in vitro. Three main parameters influencing synthesis metatitanic acid concentration, glucose concentration, and incubation time were examined and analyzed at three different levels. Antibacterial effectiveness was maximally observed with the nanoparticles synthesized under the conditions of experiment 9 (1.5 mg/mL metatitanic acid, 3 mg/mL glucose and 48 hours incubation). It was observed that these nanoparticles were able to inhibit bacterial growth quite effectively and the bacterial viability was the lowest (0.31 Log10 CFU/mL) with these nanoparticles. With the outlined conditions of production, TiO2 nanoparticles demonstrated considerable antimicrobial activity against S. mutans. The study indicates the promising ability of these nanoparticles in clinical therapies for the intervention and prophylaxis of biofilm-associated bacterial infections within the oral cavity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Razieh Rezaei, Mohsen Safaei, Mojtaba Tarana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Synergistic effects of CuO nanoparticles in MgO powder for enhanced supercapacitor performance
The incorporation of metal oxide nanoparticles into magnesium oxide (MgO) powder enhances its supercapacitor performance. This study investigates the influence of cooper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) incorporated into magnesium oxide (MgO) powder on the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors. Magnesium oxide (MgO), Copper Oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs), and their composite (MgO/CuO) were synthesized and evaluated under both three- and two-electrode configurations. Structural, morphological, and electrochemical characterizations were performed to assess the effect of CuO addition. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the successful integration of CuO into the MgO matrix, accompanied by notable changes in crystallinity and particle morphology. Electrochemical performance was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The MgO/CuO composite demonstrated a markedly enhanced specific capacitance of 444.4 F/g at 2 A/g in a three-electrode system, significantly higher than individual MgO and CuO. The composite retained 96.8% capacitance after 5000 GCD cycles, showing excellent cyclic stability. EIS results revealed low series resistance, fast ion diffusion, and improved charge-transfer kinetics. The enhanced performance is attributed to the synergistic interaction between MgO and CuO, which improves surface activity, electron transport, and structural stability, thereby establishing MgO/CuO as a promising, cost-effective, and environmentally benign electrode material for next-generation high-performance supercapacitors.
Copyright (c) 2026 Poonam Negi, Naveen Chandra Joshi, Richa Saxena, Bhupendra Singh Rawat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Strategic lyophilization of rhamnolipid-modified niclosamide liposomes for enhanced solubility and regulated drug release
Niclosamide (NSD) is a widely known anthelmintic agent that has garnered attention in recent times due to its therapeutic potential in metabolic, viral, and oncological disorders. Although its clinical translation continues to be restricted owing to low aqueous solubility and poor bioavailability. The study is focused on developing and optimizing rhamnolipid-modified liposomes loaded with niclosamide for enhancing the solubility, stability, and release profile. The liposomes were formulated by the thin-film hydration method, and Box-Behnken Design was used for optimizing concentrations of hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine (HSPC), cholesterol, and soybean oil. The optimized formulation showed high drug content (80.94 %) and a small vesicle size (149.2 nm), with a polydispersity index of 0.261 and a zeta potential of −14.2 mV, suggesting uniformity and stability. The structural (FTIR) and XRD studies exhibited drug integrity and amorphization, whereas thermal (DSC) suggested a reduction in crystallization after incorporation into liposomes. The sustained release behaviour of NSD from the liposomal formulation was observed in drug release studies. Stability analysis showed an insignificant reduction in entrapment efficiency, verifying the robustness of the formulation. Overall, the outcomes of the study exhibit a novel lipid-based delivery system that considerably improves NSD sustained release behaviour and stability, presenting a potential approach for enhancing therapeutic effectiveness, whereas evading the limitations of traditional formulations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sujit A Desai, Himanshu Paliwal, Sachin S Mali, Anbhule Sachin Jalindar, Arehalli Manjappa, Durgacharan A Bhagwat, Sudarshan Singh, Bhupendra G. Prajapati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Nanosuspensions For Enhancing Drug Solubility: Formulation Strategies and Stability Challenges
The poor solubility of several active pharmaceutical ingredients is a major challenge that compromises bioavailability and pharmacological responses. Nanosuspensions have emerged as an effective technology for enhancing drug solubility and the dissolution rate of the drug. This review critically explores the formulation strategies, including bottom-up, top-down, and combinative techniques, and solidification methods such as spray drying and lyophilization. A detailed evaluation of key stability challenges—aggregation, Ostwald ripening, and crystal growth—is provided, along with mechanistic insights into electrostatic, steric, and electrosteric stabilization. The manuscript emphasizes how stabilizer type and concentration significantly influence the physical stability and performance of nanosuspensions. Characterization parameters such as particle size, zeta potential, saturation solubility, and crystallinity transitions are discussed to ensure optimal formulation quality. Additionally, recent advancements in route-specific nanosuspension applications and selected clinical trial data underscore the evolving relevance of this approach. The review concludes by outlining future directions for enhancing long-term stability and expanding therapeutic applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ankit Mishra, Meenakshi B. Patel, Meenakshi B. Patel, Mitali Upadhyay https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Green Approach to Beckmann Rearrangement of Cyclohexanone Oxime Using Nanostructured ZSM-5 Zeolite
The catalytic liquid-phase Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime to ε-caprolactam has been effectively achieved using ZSM-5 nanoparticles as catalysts. Comprehensive characterization of the catalysts was performed by utilizing techniques such as DLS, XRD, FT-IR, N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms and NMR analysis. A systematic investigation of key reaction parameters, including the concentration of cyclohexanone oxime, catalyst loading, reaction temperature, and catalyst reusability, was conducted to optimize the catalytic process. The results demonstrate that the ZSM-5 nanoparticles aged at 80°C for 24 h and calcined at 550°C for 5 h (denoted as ZSM-5(50)-24/c) exhibited superior catalytic performance, achieving the highest conversion of cyclohexanone oxime and exceptional selectivity for ε-caprolactam under optimized conditions. The optimum reaction conditions are 0.10 g of ZSM-5(50)-24/c catalyst, cyclohexanone oxime concentration of 100 mmol and the reaction temperature of 120°C. This catalytic system offers notable advantages, including environmental sustainability, straightforward separation, and efficient catalyst recovery and recyclability. These features make it a promising approach for industrial applications in ε-caprolactam production, aligning with the green chemistry principle.
Copyright (c) 2025 L Selva Roselin, R. Savidha, Khadijah H. Alharbi, Ruey Chang Hsiao, Sankar Ganesh Ramaraj, Rosilda Selvin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles using American Ginseng and Their Characterization
Gold nanoparticles have a wide variety of applications in biomedical fields such as biosensing, cancer treatment, drug delivery, and bioimaging. This research focuses on using American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium), specifically the leaves, as a plant-mediated green synthesis process to produce gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). Various extracts (leaf, stem, and root) were compared for Au NP synthesis. The leaf extract was found to be the most effective; hence, they were used for Au NPs synthesis. Plant extract Au NPs were characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the leaves could produce spherical Au NPs that were well dispersed with an average diameter of around 18 nm. The nanoparticles also had a characteristic absorbance peak at ̴ 529 nm. A cytotoxicity study was conducted using HeLa cells, and the cell number decreased as the concentration of the Au NPs increased, although the cell viability remained high (> 99 %). Au NPs produced using the American ginseng leaves show great potential for various applications, such as drug delivery, imaging and diagnostics, and therapy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Emma Klatt, Benjamin Lilienkamp, Sonia Grade, Paige Bowman, Yale Wang, Anna DeBruine, Keagan Schmidt, Matey Kaltchev, Junhong Chen, Aakash Gupta, Qingsu Cheng, Wujie Zhang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Terminalia catappa Fallen Leaves Stabilized Zirconia Nanoparticles for Enhanced Anticancer and Antibacterial Activities
Zirconia nanoparticles (ZrO₂ NPs) are eco-friendly and biocompatible materials used for various biological applications. Herein, we reported Terminalia catappa (T. catappa) fallen leaves extract encapsulated ZrO₂ NPs without using a chemical reducing agent. The bandgap, absorption, functional groups, and crystalline structure were identified using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis), a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), and an X-ray diffractometer. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) images confirmed the formation of spherical particles with an average size of 6 nm. The absorption in the range of 299-307 nm confirmed the formation of ZrO₂ NPs. The stretching vibration bands at 467 and 621 cm⁻¹ confirmed the presence of the Zr-O-Zr bond in ZrO₂ NPs. According to the X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), the average crystallite size of the ZrO₂ NPs was 4 nm with a cubic structure. The nanoparticles Zr0.01, Zr0.02, and Zr0.03 exhibited 26, 28, and 32 mm zones of inhibition against Lactobacillus acidophilus, Staphylococcus albus, and Streptococcus mutans at a maximum concentration of 25µg/ml. The ZrO₂ exhibited an IC₅₀ value of ZrO₂ to be 32.63 μg/mL against A549 cell lines. Therefore, biogenic T. catappa extract-encapsulated zirconia nanoparticles can be used for the development of potential antibacterial and anticancer agents.
Copyright (c) 2025 Raman Suresh, Periyasamt Settu, Pitchaipillai Baskaran, Natarajan Thangamani, Paramasivam Sumathi, Ramasamy Subramanian https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Green and black tea infusion-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antibacterial and antifungal activities
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using plant extract have drawn the attention of researchers due to their eco-friendly nature. In this study, AgNPs were prepared using a 0.1 mM silver nitrate solution and confirmed by monitoring the color changes from yellow to brown using a UV-visible spectrophotometer. The average crystallite sizes of AgNPs, which have been stabilized by green and black tea extract, were were~53.58 and 43.43 nm. However, both extracts showed predominantly spherical morphology according to TEM analysis. The bacterial and fungal study showed that synthesized AgNPs exhibited a considerable zone of inhibition against pathogenic microbes. Therefore, the synthesized AgNPs using green and black tea extracts can be used for the development of antimicrobial agents.
Copyright (c) 2025 Balakrishnam Srividhya, Ramasamy Subramanian, Vairamuthu Raj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Alkali (Na/K) Doped Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles: Photocatalytic and Antioxidant Activities
Nanotechnology has been a constant subject of innovation in the past two decades. Novel innovations have been carried out to enhance the properties of nanoparticles, especially by doping. It is one of the main ways to augment the properties of a semiconductor. In the present paper, alkali (Na/K) doped cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (NPs) were successfully synthesized and investigated for their effectiveness for photocatalytic degradation of Methylene Blue (MB) and Methyl Orange (MO), as well as antioxidant properties. So obtained Na/K doped CoFe2O4 were characterised for the evaluation of their structural, elemental, morphological, and optical criteria via using standard characterisation methods like XRD, SEM, EDX, TEM, and UV-Visible spectroscopy. The XRD results showed the crystallite size of Na-doped CoFe2O4 to be between 25 to 26 nm, while that for K-doped it was between 15 to 16 nm. The smaller crystallite size of K-doped particles can be attributed to the fact that K has a larger ionic radius than Na and causes more lattice strain, disrupting the lattice growth. The morphological variations with the dopants and elemental composition have been confirmed by using SEM-EDS and TEM results. The UV-Visible results implied the absorption regions for Na/ CoFe2O4 with band gap energy between 1.65 to 1.5 eV, while for K/CoFe2O4 it is between 1 to 1.41 eV. Based on the results, it was established that K/CoFe2O4 exhibited greater photocatalytic and antioxidant properties.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shaweta Chandel, Shweta Kaushal, Naveen Thakur, Sandeep Kumar, Kuldeep Kumar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Bioinspired gold-silver bimetallic nanoparticles from leaf and bark extract of Simarouba glauca and their antibacterial efficacy
This work reports on using leaf and bark extracts from the Simarouba glauca as a natural reducing agent to synthesize gold-silver bimetallic nanoparticles (Ag-Au NPs). The leaf and bark extracts contain phytochemicals such as tannins, flavonoids, and others, confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), responsible for the reduction of both Au and Ag ions. The Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) bands obtained at 540 and 543 nm, confirmed the formation Au-Ag alloy. The average crystallite size of Au-Ag NPs synthesized using leaf and bark extracts was 29 and 35 nm. TEM images show that the Au-Ag NPs were spherical, square, pentagonal, and hexagonal morphology. The bimetallic nanoparticles were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Bacillus subtilis, and gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, and Klebsiella Pneumoniae showed effective zone of inhibition against the test bacteria. Among the two extracts, the leaf extract was found to be an effective reducing agent to form different shapes of bimetallic nanoparticles. The results indicate that Au-Ag NPs have effective antibacterial activity hence, these nanoparticles can be used for the development of antibacterial agents.
Copyright (c) 2025 Natarajan Thangamani, Natarajan Bhuvaneshwari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Nanoformulation-based medicines for the treatment of reactive oxygen species-induced diseases: A review
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), are highly reactive molecules formed as a natural by-product during cellular metabolism primarily within the mitochondrial matrix. Excessive production of ROS may cause serious illnesses like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. The therapeutic drugs currently available in the market for the treatment of these illnesses have larger systemic effects and a variety of adverse effects. Therefore, it is important to identify an alternative way of delivering drugs in the form of nanomedicine, which has low cost, great efficacy, fewer side effects, and narrower systemic effects. Nanoparticles have the potential to deliver drugs at specific targeted sites and can be used as new therapy methods for the treatment of various diseases and can also be used in diagnostic methods. This review paper aims to examine the synthesis of nanomedicine, its delivery methods within the body and its mechanism of action against ROS-induced diseases. The findings of our study suggest that nanomedicine-based therapy may be a very effective method in the treatment of cancer, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. However, nanomedicine raises a variety of safety concerns, including the risk of toxicity and persistence in the tissues of humans.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pankaj Singh, Aditi Mishra, Rajat Pratap Singh, Pankaj Kumar Tripathi, Manikant Tripathi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Investigations into the Adsorption Isotherm and Kinetics of Heavy Metal Removal Using Green Iron Oxide Nanoparticles.
Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are highly effective and environmentally sustainable adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater. This study focuses on exploring a green route for synthesizing IONPs using Hibiscus rosa-sinensis petal extract, promoting an eco-friendly approach. The synthesized particles were evaluated analytically using XRD, confirming a crystallite size of 6.16 nm, and were assessed for adsorption of Pb(II) and Cu(II) ions. Optimized adsorption conditions, including pH 5 and an interaction period of 30 minutes, resulted in high removal efficiencies of 95.48% for Pb(II) and 84.9% for Cu(II). Adsorption behavior was best explained by the Langmuir isotherm, revealing maximum adsorption capacities of 30.77 mg/g and 28.74 mg/g for Pb(II) and Cu(II) respectively, while kinetic studies confirmed a pseudo-second-order model. These findings underscore the potency of green-synthesized IONPs as a promising and sustainable solution for wastewater treatment, paving the way for their potential real-world applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kirti Srivastava, Roli Verma, R.S. Jagadish, Yamini Pandey, Abhishek Kumar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Fabrication of Calcium Hydroxide/ Manganese Oxide Nanocomposite as a Novel Antibacterial Agent
The emergence of microbial resistance in bacterial pathogens to common antimicrobial agents is a significant challenge in their use. The purpose of this research is to investigate the antibacterial properties of a nanocomposite consisting of calcium hydroxide and manganese oxide against the oral pathogen Enterococcus fecalis. To determine the antibacterial effect of nanocomposites on E. faecalis, a total of 9 experiments were designed using the Taguchi method. In the experimental investigations, three factors of calcium hydroxide, manganese oxide nanoparticles, and their stirring time were investigated. These agents had three different levels and finally led to the identification of the optimal ratio that showed the greatest antibacterial effect. The nanocomposites made using test conditions 6 (calcium hydroxide 150 mg/mL, manganese oxide 9 mg/mL, and stirring time 60 minutes) showed the greatest effect in growth inhibition (0.29 CFU/mL). The properties of the synthesized nanocomposite as well as its components were evaluated through material characterization techniques. The structural properties and chemical composition of this nanocomposite were found to be favorable based on its characteristics. As a result, the nanocomposite consisting of calcium hydroxide and manganese oxide has beneficial antibacterial properties that make it suitable for increasing performance in various dental fields.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mostafa Goodini, Sabah Etemadi, Reza Hatam, Atefeh Khavid, Atena b, Mohsen Safaei https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Flower flake-shaped zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized by microwave technique with different plant extracts for anti-bacterial activity
Plants are recognized for containing crucial phytochemicals that play a significant role in reducing and capping nanoparticles, contributing to advancements in nanoparticle synthesis. The use of plant extracts as stabilizing agents in nanoparticle synthesis has gained immense popularity in contemporary research. These stabilizing agents also help mitigate the potential toxic effects of chemicals used in the synthesis process. In this study, four distinct plants-Psidiumguajava, Colocasiaesculenta, Phyllanthusemblica, and Murrayakoenigiiwere selected as stabilizers for the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using the microwave technique. Various characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-Vis spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), were employed to elucidate the morphology, band gap, and functional groups of the synthesized nanoparticles. XRD analysis revealed crystallite sizes of 14 nm for Psidiumguajava, 12 nm for Colocasiaesculenta, 17 nm for Phyllanthusemblica, and 13 nm for Murrayakoenigii. The corresponding band gaps were 3.28 eV, 3.33 eV, 3.35 eV, and 3.20 eV, respectively. SEM analysis showed that the nanoparticle shapes resembled flowers. Additionally, the assessment of antibacterial activity against pathogens, along with a comparative study, aids in evaluating the optimal utilization of nanoparticles in industries such as food packaging and cosmetics.
Copyright (c) 2024 Nirdosh Verma, Lacy Loveleen, Surendra Nimesh, Sunil Kumar, Kuldeep Kumar, Kamal Jeet, Naveen Thakur https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Cerium Metal-Organic Framework Composites for Supercapacitor Energy Storage
Supercapacitors have emerged as efficient energy storage devices, offering high power density, long cycle life, and rapid charge-discharge capabilities. Advanced materials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene oxide (GO) stand out due to their exceptional electrochemical properties, including open structures and chirality, with capacities ranging from 300 to 1300 mAh g-1. However, the search for cost-effective and highly conductive materials continues to challenge researchers. Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) have surfaced as strong candidates due to their vast surface area, inherent conductivity, and affordability. Nonetheless, the relatively low conductivity of pristine MOFs necessitates composite integration for optimal performance. This review focuses on cerium-based MOF (Ce-MOF) composites, analyzing their structural and electrochemical properties. Key aspects, including synthesis methods, structural characterization, and electrochemical evaluation through cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge techniques, are discussed in detail. The integration of functional composites into MOFs enhances cycling stability and minimizes capacitance loss over extended use. This review aims to inspire further research into Ce-MOF composites, underscoring their potential as high-performance materials for supercapacitor applications.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ruhani Baweja, Sanjeev Gautam, Navdeep Goyal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Examining the Synergism of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticle – Andrographolide Conjugate and Studying its Potential Role Towards Antioxidative Therapeutics
Increased oxidative stress in metabolic disorders has revealed promising alternatives for antioxidative therapeutics. Herein, we present synthesis and evaluations of Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNPs) conjugated with Andrographolide (Ad-CNP). Characterization revealed a uniform particle size of 106 nm for bare CNP and 120 nm for Ad-CNP conjugates. UV-visible spectroscopy showed an absorbance peak at 230nm, indicating a high Ce³⁺/Ce⁴⁺ oxidation state. X-ray diffraction confirmed a pure cubic fluorite structure with a polycrystalline nature with peaks at 111, 200, 220, and 311. In terms of reactive oxygen species scavenging, bare CNPs demonstrated Catalase mimetic activity of 41.5%, whereas the Ad-CNP conjugates showed 47% scavenging activity. The Superoxide Dismutase mimetic activity was significantly increased due to synergy up to 77% of Ad-CNP whereas bare CNPs showed 57% activity. The CNPs exhibited notable antibacterial efficacy, diminishing microbial proliferation by 69% for bare CNPs and 82% for Ad-CNP. Biocompatibility testing with human skin keratinocytes validated the safety of the nanoparticles, and anti-inflammatory assays indicated decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α. The synergistic combination of CNPs with Andrographolide demonstrated significant potential as a potent antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory agent, making it a prospective candidate for antioxidative therapeutic research aimed at diminishing oxidative stress.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sneha Kumari, Shivam Pandey, Leela Manohar Aeshala, Anuj Kumar, Sushant Singh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Histopathological alteration in Zebrafish: Unravelling the Effects of Long-Term Copper Oxide Nanoparticle Exposure
Copper Oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) are widely used and they build up in the aquatic environment and can be harmful to aquatic life. Aquatic creatures are affected by CuO NPs, yet the consequences of these particles have not been well explored despite contentious toxicological results. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of chronic exposure to CuO-NPs on adult zebrafish. The study was carried out by conducting physicochemical characterization of commercially procured CuO-NPs using UV/Vis, ICP-OES spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FTIR). Following characterization, adult zebrafish were chronically exposed to 0.5, 1, and 3 mg/l of CuO-NPs. Characterization revealed a heterogeneous population of nanoparticles in the size ranges of 10–50 nm. Oxidative stress indicators and functional markers were studied in addition to tissue histology. Chronic exposure to adult Fish at concentrations of 1 and 3 mg/l exhibited increased levels of stress compared to lower concentrations of 0.5 mg/l. Observations from histology showed that the extent of tissue damage and injuries increased with the concentration of CuO-NPs. In conclusion, chronic exposure to ≤50nm-sized CuO-NPs exhibited toxic repercussions in adult zebrafish.
Copyright (c) 2024 Himanshu Gupta, Mansee Thakur, Navami Dayal, Muskaan Singh, Jigesh Mehta, Ankit D. Oza, Chander Prakash https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Enhancement of the Electro-Optical, Photoluminescent and Plasmonic properties of Gold Nano Particles (GNPs) doped Cholesteric Liquid Crystals Matrix
The optimized investigations of gold nanoparticles (GNP) doped cholesteric liquid crystals revealed the vibrant transitions of liquid crystal phases. Thermodynamical investigation observed the critical temperatures of different phases. The different concentration of gold nanoparticles induced in cholesteric liquid crystal shows the extensive assortment of various phases as well as reduced the cholesteric–blue phase-isotropic transition temperature from 105 OC to 101 OC. The predisposition of the twisting of molecules in the gold nanoparticles doped cholesteric liquid crystal samples was confirmed by the electro-optical examination. Dielectric investigation recorded the effect of gold nanoparticles in cholesteric liquid crystal. It signatures that the dielectric permittivity and absorption reduced from 11.57 to 10.2 and 14 to 13.2 respectively. Plasmonic behavior of the CLC-Au NPs matrix modulated by the wavelength shifting. Enrichment of the functional area of the material surface and decrement of photoluminescence intensity has been experiential by the doping of gold nanoparticles in a cholesteric liquid crystals matrix.
Copyright (c) 2024 Manisha Chaudhary, Monika Yadav, Rajendra Prasad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
On the iso-conversional analysis of the activation energy of amorphous-crystalline transition in nano-crystalline Se-Te-In-Pb chalcogenide glasses
The present paper examines the fluctuations in activation energy of amorphous-crystalline phase transition of Se79-xTe15In6Pbx (x = 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10) chalcogenide glasses using computational iso-conversional analysis for the data obtained under non-isothermal conditions using differential scanning calorimetric technique at four different heating rates; 5, 10, 15 and 20 K/min. This study examines how the activation energy of crystallization (Ec) varies with the degree of conversion (χ) and temperature (T) using an algorithm developed in Python named as HPU-B-MASS. The Python algorithm incorporates iso-conversional methods; Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS), Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (OFW), Tang & Chen and Starink methods to analyze the variation of with both χ and T. It is found that Ec is not constant but varies with χ as well as T. The iso-conversional analysis of the investigated glasses indicates that the assumption of constant Ec is not appropriate. Ec obtained for the investigated alloys from different methods are different. This difference can be attributed to the fact that these methods are based on approximations involved in obtaining the final equation of different formalisms. Furthermore, our findings suggest an increased propensity for crystallization in glasses with Pb content as compared to the parent ternary alloy.
Copyright (c) 2024 Aayush Kainthla, Shubham Sharma, Meenakshi, Sangam Kapoor , Anjali , Nagesh Thakur, Balbir Singh Patial https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Impact of Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles on Microleakage and Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets: An In Vitro Analysis
The present study compares the microleakage and shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets bonded with conventional composite resin and composite resin containing Titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles after thermocycling. Eighty human extracted premolars bonded with 0.022 slot MBT brackets were divided into Group I (TiO2 nanoparticles composite) and Group II (conventional Transbond XT composite). After bonding, samples were thermocycled between 5°C and 55°C and evaluated for microleakage (stereomicroscope, 40X) and SBS (Universal testing machine). Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) was scored under 10X magnification, and data was analyzed using a t-test and Chi-square test. The results showed that Group II (conventional composite) demonstrated higher shear bond strength (19.01 MPa) than Group I (15.05 MPa, p<0.001). Group II also showed lower microleakage (0.42 mm) than Group I (0.83 mm, p=0.01). Incisal microleakage was lower (p=0.16), with a higher ARI score (p=0.03) in the Group II samples. The current study revealed that the conventional composite resin (Transbond XT) has a higher shear bond strength and decreased microleakage compared to Titanium oxide nanoparticle incorporated composite within a clinically significant range. Conventional composite resin bonding also exhibited higher Adhesive remnant index scores, indicating a reduced risk of enamel damage during debonding.
Copyright (c) 2024 Tarika Gopal, S M Laxmikanth, Mahamad Irfanulla Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Nanotechnology enabled smart biosensors in monitoring and maintaining balanced health: A Review
The pandemic outbreaks such as severe acute respiratory syndrome, swine flu, Middle East respiratory syndrome, Ebola, zika virus outbreak, and coronavirus are influential events that were transmitted through various countries in a short period. Due to sudden outbreaks of this pandemic and unavailability of rapid diagnostic kits, strategic management, and treatment caused a high rate of mortality and mortality. Primarily diagnosis and detection of infections are performed through tedious pathological tests; however, the recent advancements in nanotechnology-based robust sensors are handy and rapid to detect such infections. Smart biosensors offer promising prospects such as portability, flexibility, multifunctional use, and efficient operation that provides fast and real-time response against tested components. The biosensors act as an interface between biological analytes and quantifiable electrical signals. Enabling this biosensor with nanotechnology has not only revolutionized the diagnosis of infection but also regular health checkups. The present review presents compressive updates on different types of sensors available to measure health conditions, with elaboration enabling sensor processing using nanotechnology. Moreover, the safety consideration and applicability of wearable sensors in day-to-day routine activity.
Copyright (c) 2024 Popat Mohite, Abhijeet Puri, Shubham Munde, Vaishnavi Yadav, Nitin Ade, Sudarshan Singh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Effect of Food-Grade Pharmaceutical Excipients on Physicochemical Behaviour of Quercetin Nanocomposites: Thermal and Non-Thermal Analysis
In this study, the compatibility of Quercetin (QC) nanocomposites with some selective food-grade pharmaceutical excipients was assessed using various thermal (DSC and TGA), non-thermal (P-XRD, FT-IR, and RAMAN spectroscopy, and FESEM) techniques. All the techniques were simultaneously used and correlated to detect the QC's compatibility with the selected excipients (CO, CCO, OA, T20, T60, and T80). DSC-TG studies showed that QC-CO and QC-T60 samples exhibited irregular degradation patterns, causing the drug's transformation from crystalline to amorphous. P-XRD results showed that the crystalline behavior of QC was retained in all the samples. However, the peak intensities were reduced and shifted in some samples. The Davg. value for all samples, including pure QC, was 26.80-76.07 nm. FT-IR and RAMAN studies demonstrated that bonds including –C=O stretching, C-C stretching (ring A), and -OH bonds (in ring A, B, and C) in pure QC play a crucial role in its interaction with excipients. Furthermore, the excipients' effect on QC's morphology using FESEM showed smoothening, fragmentation, and agglomeration of the drug. In conclusion, the possible drug-excipient incompatibility can be potentially determined with the help of these analytical methods. The physicochemical studies from this work may provide immense knowledge for the researchers and manufacturers involved in quercetin-based pharmaceutical and/or nutraceutical formulations.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sabya Sachi Das, Priya Ranjan Prasad Verma, Sandeep Kumar Singh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Screening of the Medicinal Plant-Based Metabolites Responsible for Silver Nanoparticle Phytofabrication
In this study, the detailed phytochemical composition of two medicinal plants was investigated and their importance in silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesis was highlighted. Aqueous extracts from the leaves of both plants were used for various analytical techniques, including UV-vis spectroscopy, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Thin layer chromatography (TLC). Quantification of total phenolics and flavonoids in different fractions of plant extracts revealed significant concentrations. TLC profiling showed a higher abundance of free phenolic and flavonoid compounds compared to bound forms in both plants, suggesting that they contribute significantly to total phenolic and flavonoid content. UV-vis spectra from 200 to 600 nm revealed the presence of aromatic rings and chromophores in leaf extracts. Furthermore, the GC-MS analysis identified several bioactive compounds, some of which were found to be common between these two species. The results demonstrate that various bioactive compounds such as phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, carotenoids and terpenoids were present in these plant species. These compounds efficiently serve as both reducing and stabilizing agents during phytofabrication of AgNPs, consequently eliminating the need for the use of hazardous chemicals.
Copyright (c) 2024 Preeti Sharma, Basudha Sharma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Ketoconazole Nanocrystals Fortified Gel for Improved Transdermal Applications
Ketoconazole (KTZ) is a commonly prescribed antifungal drug used to treat several tropical and systemic fungus infections. The topical bioavailability of KTZ is limited due to extremely low water solubility and high molecular weight. The present investigation aimed to develop a ketoconazole nanocrystals formulation to improve the biomimetic attributes. The ketoconazole nanocrystals were prepared using a top-down media milling technique with a size of less than 800 nm and a narrow polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.434. The simplex lattice design was used to further investigate the effect of change in the proportion of different stabilizers on critical product attributes such as particle size and PDI. The result of the in vitro drug release and anti-fungal study proved the superiority of the optimized KTZ nanocrystal in inhibiting fungal infection and suspension of pure drug. The optimized nanocrystals entrapped within Carbopol-934P gel had higher permeability through cellulose membrane compared, to the marketed product (2 % ketoconazole % w/w Ketodoc Cream®) with sustained release for 24 h. Moreover, the release profile indicated diffusion-controlled release from gel following Korsmeyer-Peppas. The present investigation successfully demonstrated the application of simplex lattice design and desirability function in optimizing ketoconazole nanocrystals to improve its transdermal application.
Copyright (c) 2024 Bhavin Vadher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Effect of MWCNTs on static, dynamic, and wear performance of Vacuum Assisted Resin Infusion Molding (VARIM) processed glass fabric-epoxy polymer composites
In the present work, MWCNTs were used in wt.% of 0.075, 0.15, and 0.3 in epoxy resin, and then glass fabric-epoxy polymer (GF-EP) composites were fabricated using VARIM setup. The mechanical and wear properties of GF-EP composites were compared with and without the addition of MWCNTs. Maximum improvement in tensile and flexural performance was seen in GF-EP composites at 0.15 weight percent MWCNT addition compared to a neat GF-EP one, based on static testing such as tensile and flexural tests. High-cycle fatigue test results show a relatively higher cycle count with 0.15 wt.% MWCNTs addition in the GF-EP composite compared to the GF-EP without the addition of MWCNTs. The wear performance also improved with a lower friction coefficient as well as a lower track depth and width for MWCNTs with added GF-EP than plain GF-EP composite. Therefore, in addition to decreasing surface softening and improving the wear performance of glass fabric epoxy composites, MWCNTs (0.15 weight percent) increased the interfacial adhesion at the fiber-matrix interface. This study establishes an optimum ratio of 0.15 wt.% of MWCNTs addition in glass fabric-epoxy polymer composites for enhancement in their mechanical and wear performance.
Copyright (c) 2024 Dikshant Malhotra, Mayank Agrawal, RT Durai Prabhakaran https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Biosynthesized Carbon-derived Nanomaterials as a Photocatalytic Solution for Sustainable Water Pollution Control
Carbon nanomaterials are one of the most widely investigated nano-materials for the degradation of organic and inorganic pollutants like dyes and insecticides in an environmentally benign and that too in sustainable manner. The problems associated with the existing catalysts are related to their high band gap values and large particle sizes. In this review, the photocatalytic degradation of pollutants from industrial wastewater by using negligible amounts of carbon nanocatalysts has been covered as a solution to such types of problems. The photocatalytic activity of the carbon nanocomposites was reported to be affected by factors like particle size, nature of crystallinity, band gap, morphology and total surface area of the nanomaterials per unit mass. Despite various required optimizations, the carbon-containing nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, and metal oxide nanocomposites synthesized by using different methods have shown better photocatalytic activity as compared to others. This review article may open a new avenue to control water pollution efficiently and cost-effectively.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ravi Kumar, Shweta Kaushal, Naveen Thakur, Kuldeep Kumar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0
Unleashing the potential of cyclodextrin-based nanosponges in management of colon cancer: A review
Colon cancer ranked second in terms of incidence in the world, yearly it shows an increase in the tendency of mortality. It is estimated that by the year 2035 total number of deaths will increase by 75 %. The treatment of cancer includes surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, however, they are limited due to their targeted therapeutic potential and side effects. In the case of a conventional drug delivery system, it is desired that the drug delivery system should be able to protect the therapeutic from degradation and safety target to the desired site. Cyclodextrin-based nanosponges (NS) are a versatile platform for colon cancer treatment, surpassing the limitations of conventional drug delivery systems. Nanosponge offers several advantages such as improved drug solubility, enhanced stability, targeted delivery, and potential for combination therapy due to its highly cross-linked structure. The fabrication of NS includes the use of biopolymers for the controlled release of drugs from pores through diffusion. These pores can efficiently encapsulate a wide range of therapeutic agents, enabling regulated release, and addressing challenges associated with poor solubility and limited stability of drugs used in the management of colon cancer. Additionally, their functionalization enables targeted drug delivery to colon cancer cells, minimizing off-target effects. Though several benefits are associated with NS, further research is needed to address regulatory considerations and scale up NS for translation into clinical practice. Overall, cyclodextrin-based NS holds promise in revolutionizing colon cancer treatment and improving patient outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2024 Popat Mohite, Shubham Munde, Anil Pawar, Sudarshan Singh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0