An overview of the gender gap in the European region
Keywords:
Brecha de género, Europa, Mujer, Educación, Violencia, Discriminación en la familia, Representación políticaAbstract
The study of the gender gap has attracted the interest of international organizations and researchers. This paper provides an overview of the situation of women in Europe. The research is carried out on the basis of gender variables located in international repositories and using data analysis techniques. The situation in Europe is positive but improvements are needed in some countries in areas such as business, law and politics. Women in some countries would also benefit from actions to redress discrimination in the family sphere.
References
Amin, A., Ali, R., Rehman, R., Akram, M., Muhammad, N., Ahmad, I., Naseem, M., & Ahmad, M. (2021). Female presence in corporate governance, firm performance, and the moderating role of family ownership. Ekonomska Istraživanja / Economic Research, 35(1), 929-948. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2021.1952086
Ball, G.H., & Hall, D. H. (1965). ISODATA, a novel method of data analysis and pattern classification. Technical report, Stanford Research Institute. Recuperado el 26 de julio de 2022 de: https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/AD0699616#:~:text=Abstract%3A-,ISODATA%2C%20a%20novel%20method%20of%20data%20analysis%20and%20pattern%20classification,calculations%20that%20the%20method%20uses.
Barabasi A-L. (2016). Network Science. Cambridge, Reino Unido: Cambridge University Press.
Best, K., & Sinell, A. ; Heidingsfelder, ML. (2016). The Gender Dimension in Knowledge and Technology Transfer- the German case. European Journal of Innovation Management, 19(1) 2-25. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-07-2015-0052
Bosse, S. (2018). Data mining with Machine Learning for the social sciences. Data Mining Lecture, Invited Keynote Talk, 18.5.2018, Bremen, Computational Social Sciences Talks, BIGSSS, SOCIUM, University of Bremen, Jacobs University Bremen https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.12746.67526.
Caliński , T., & Harabasz, J. (1974) A dendrite method for cluster analysis, Communications in Statistics, 3(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610927408827101.
Cerrato, F., & Cifre, E. (2018). Gender Inequality in Household Chores and Work-Family Conflict. Frontiers in Psychology, Sec. Organizational Psychology, 1-33. https://doi.org/9. 1-11. 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01330.
Comisión Europea (2021). Gender Smart Financing Investing In & With Women: Opportunities for Europe. Discussion Paper 129 | July 2020. Recuperado el 26 de julio de 2022 de: https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/economy-finance/dp129_en.pdf
Connelly, R., Playford, C., Gayle, V., Dibben, C. (2016). The role of administrative data in the big data revolution in social science research. Social Science Research, 59, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.04.015
Davies, D., & Bouldin, D. (1979). A Cluster Separation Measure. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1(2), 224 - 227. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.1979.4766909.
EUROSTAT (s.f.). EUROSTAT Your key to European Statistics. Recuperado el 26 de julio de 2022 de: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database
Frey, T., & Van Groenewoud, H. (1972). A cluster analysis of the D2 matrix of white spruce stands in Saskatchewan based on the maximum-minimum principle. Journal of Ecology, 60(3) , 873-886. https://doi.org/10.2307/2258571
Hartigan, J. A. (1975). Clustering Algorithms (Probability & Mathematical Statistics). Estados Unidos: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Hubert, L. J., & Levin, J. R. (1976). A general statistical framework for assessing categorical clustering in free recall. Psychological Bulletin, 83(6), 1072–1080. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.83.6.1072
Kiaušiene, I., & Štreimikiene, D. (2011). On Gender Stereotyping and Employment Assimetries. Economics & Sociology, 4(2), 84-97. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789x.2011/4-2/8
Krzanowski, W.J., & Lai, Y. T. (1985) . A criterion for de-terming the number of groups in a data set using sum-of-squares clustering. Biometrics, 44, 23–34. https://doi.org/10.2307/2531893
Lee, S. S., & Denslow, D. (2005). A study on the major problems of US women-owned small Business, Journal of small Business Strategy, 15 (2), 77 - 89. Recuperado el 26 de julio de 2022 de: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/236084073.pdf
Maceira H.M. (2017). Economic benefits of gender equality in the EU. Intereconomics, 52(3), 178-183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10272-017-0669-4. Recuperado el 26 de julio de 2022 de: https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/213131/1/178-183-Morais-Maceira.pdf
Milligan, G. W. (1980). An examination of the effect of six types of error perturbation on fifteen clustering algorithms. Psychometrika, 45, 325–342. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02293907
Milligan, G. W. (1981a). A Monte Carlo study of thirty internal criterion measures for cluster analysis. Psychometrika, 46, 187–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02293899
Milligan, G. W. (1981b). A review of Monte Carlo tests of cluster analysis. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 16, 379–407. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr1603_7
OECD (2018). Bridging the digital gender divide. Include, upskill, innovate. Recuperado el 26 de julio de 2022 de: http://www.oecd.org/internet/bridging-the-digital-gender-divide.pdf
OECD (2019) Gender, Institutions and Development Database (GID-DB) 2019: Discrimination in the Family. Recuperado el 26 de julio de 2022 de: https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=GIDDB2019.
OECD (2021). Why do more young women than men go on to tertiary education?. Education Indicators in Focus, No. 79, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/6f7209d1-en.
ONU (s.f.). Naciones Unidas. Igualdad de Género. Recuperado el 26 de julio de 2022 de: https://www.un.org/es/impacto-acad%C3%A9mico/page/igualdad-de-g%C3%A9nero
Ratkowsky, D.A., & Lance, G.N. (1978). Criterion for determining the number of groups in a classification. Australian Computer Journal, 10(3), 115-117 http://hdl.handle.net/102.100.100/300266?index=1
Rousseeuw, P. (1987). Rousseeuw, P.J.: Silhouettes: A Graphical Aid to the Interpretation and Validation of Cluster Analysis. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 20, 53-65. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 20. 53-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0427(87)90125-7.
Siegenfeld, A. F., & Bar-Yam, Y. (2020). An Introduction to Complex Systems Science and Its Applications, Complexity, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6105872
Tsai, C.W., Lai, C.F., Chao, H.C. et al. (2015). Big data analytics: a survey. Journal of Big Data, 2(21), 1-32. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-015-0030-3
UNESCO (1995). Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action. Beijing+5 Political Declaration and Outcome. Recuperado el 26 de julio de 2022 de: https://www.icsspe.org/system/files/Beijing%20Declaration%20and%20Platform%20for%20Action.pdf
UNESCO (2019). Descifrar el código: La educación de las niñas y las mujeres en ciencias, tecnología, ingeniería y matemáticas (STEM). Recuperado el 26 de julio de 2022 de: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366649
UNESCO (2021). Women in higher education: has the female advantage put an end together inequality. Recuperado el 26 de julio de 2022 de: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000377182
Eaton, A., Pace, V., & Nichols-Lopez, K. (2014). Why do women entrepreneurs have smaller firms? The effect of agreeableness on firm goals and size. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2014, 12266. https://doi.org/12266-12266. 10.5465/AMBPP.2014.12266
STADISTA (2021). Ranking de países según su puntuación en el Índice global de la brecha de género (Global Gender Gap Index) en 2021. Recuperado el 26 de julio de 2022 de: https://es.statista.com/estadisticas/957030/indice-de-la-brecha-de-genero-de-genero-mundial/
Trask, B. (2015) The Role Of Families In Combating Discrimination, Violence And Harmful Practices Against Women And Girls And In Creating Greater Gender Equality And Empowerment. Recuperado el 26 de julio de 2022 de: https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/egms/docs/2015/sd-agenda2030/BahiraSherif-Paper.pdf
WORLD BANK (s.f.) WORLD BANK Gender Data Portal. Recuperado el 26 de julio de 2022 de: https://genderdata.worldbank.org/
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
All articles are published under an Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) license. Authors retain copyright over their work.